STATES OF MATTER By: Emily Hess

Topics States of matter Classification and Properties of matter Behavior of molecules of matter Cycles associated with states of matter

WHAT IS MATTER Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Even though matter can be found all over the universe, you usually find it in just a few forms. Matter is constantly changing.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER Physical properties-The measurement of mass and other characteristics that can be seen without changing how that object looks. Mass, color, shape, volume, density, texture, smell etc. are examples of physical properties.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER Chemical properties-These are properties that can only be observed by changing the identity of the substance. Electronegativity, pH, toxicity, reactivity against other substances etc. are examples of chemical properties.

TEMPERATURE Temperature affects all states of matter. Which state of matter an object is in depends on the temperature. Atoms in every object that we see or handle can exist in different states depending upon temperature.

THE FIVE STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

SOLIDS Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating around in a fixed position Have definite shape and volume Physical characteristics: Atoms do not move around very much

LIQUIDS Particles are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. Characteristics of liquids: 1)confined to, not determined by, the container it fills. 2) difficult /almost impossible to compress. Have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.

GASES Gas molecules have little interaction with each other beyond occasionally bumping into one another. Gases expand to fill their containers, and have an undefined shape.

PLASMA Plasmas are hot, ionized gases, formed under conditions of extremely high energy, so that molecules are ripped apart and only free atoms exist. Plasmas behave differently than gases, representing a fourth state of matter.

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) only happens at super low temperatures. Scientists have figured out a way to get a temperature only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero (-273.15 degrees Celsius).

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE When you get to a temperature this cold, something special happens. Atoms begin to clump. The result of this clumping is the BEC. A group of atoms takes up the same place, creating a ‘super atom’. They all take on the same qualities and become a ‘blob’.

CYCLES The water cycle is a perfect example of how temperature can affect the states of matter, and their physical state.

WHAT IS THE WATER CYCLE? The water cycle describes the existence and movement of water on, in, and above the Earth. Earth’s water is always in movement and is always changing states, from liquid to vapor to ice and back again.

TOPICS Pure substances Elements and Compounds Mixtures Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Solutions-solutes and solvents Physical change Chemical change

PURE SUBSTANCES A pure substance is a form of matter that has definite composition and distinct properties. A pure substance cannot be broken down into any other substance my physical or chemical means. Can be classified as either an element or a compound.

ELEMENTS Elements are the building blocks of all matter. We will never stop discovering new reactions and compounds, but the elements will remain the same.

COMPOUNDS A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. When elements join and become compounds, they lose their individual traits. Na + Cl  NaCl (sodium) (chlorine) (sodium chloride-table salt)

MIXTURES Combination of two or more substances (combined in varying proportions), each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a mixture can be separated by physical means (without breaking chemical bonds). There are two types of mixtures Homogeneous Heterogeneous

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE A mixture in which the properties and composition are not uniform throughout the sample. The parts of a heterogeneous mixture can be mechanically separated from each other.

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES Mixture in which the properties and composition are uniform throughout the sample. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions.

SOLUTIONS Solutions are homogeneous mixtures composed of two or more substances. In solutions, a SOLUTE is dissolved in another substance known as the SOLVENT. In sugar water, which is the solute and which is the solvent?

SOLUTIONS Solubility is the ability of the solvent (water) to dissolve the solute (sugar). Can you think of any gas-gas solutions? Can you think of any solid-solid solutions?

PHYSICAL CHANGE Physical changes occur when objects undergo a change that does not change their chemical nature. A physical change involves the change in physical properties. Physical changes can be reversed. Examples include: *any change in phase *bend or break *grinding or dissolving

CHEMICAL CHANGE During a chemical change, substances are changed into different substances. In other words, the composition of the substance changes. Chemical changes affect chemical properties of a substance. Examples include: Color change Energy absorbed or released Odor change Production of gas or solids !!NOT EASILY REVERSED!!

LAWS OF ENERGY AND MATTER Law of Conservation of Matter: During an ordinary chemical change, there is no detectable increase or decrease in the quantity of matter The total amount of matter and energy in the universe is a fixed amount and is never any more or any less.

SUMMARY Physical properties of matter Chemical properties of matter 5 states of matter Pure substances Mixtures Solutions Physical and Chemical Change