Manifest Destiny America Claims a Continent

US and Texas Annexation First attempt in 1836 is rejected by the US Republic of Texas: Sam Houston First President – 1836 – 1838 Conservative – expected statehood and his administration reflected that expectation Mirabeau B. Lamar Second President: 1838 – 1841 Responded to Annexation rejection by preparing Texas as a western rival to the US – vigorously asserted Texas ___________ westward and on the high seas Received recognition as a sovereign state by Britain, France, Belgium and The Netherlands Exponentially increased the debt of the Republic

Republic of Texas

US and Texas Annexation March 1837 – US recognizes Texas independence, the last act of Jackson as president 11 March 1837 – Santa Anna, home in Mexico, renounces all guarantees made to the Republic of Texas as a condition to his restoration of freedom. 27 March 1837 – U.S. Secretary of State reports that treaty agreements with Mexico prohibit the U.S.'s annexing Texas June/July – John Quincy Adams speaks against the annexation of Texas all morning, every morning in the U.S. House of Representatives. 12 October 1838 – Texas withdraws the offer of annexation because of the U.S. Congress' lack of action on the proposal. 23 January 1839 – Texas Congress passes joint resolution approving of President Sam Houston's withdrawal of annexation proposal.

US and Texas Annexation 1844 – 1845 January 1844 – President Houston submits annexation question to Texas Congress, then instructs minister to the U.S. to resume annexation talks. 11 April 1844 – An annexation treaty between the U.S. and Texas signed between the two diplomats. 08 June 1844 – U.S. Senate rejects the treaty (35 to 16). 25 January 1845 – Joint Resolution to annex Texas passes the U.S. House of Representatives. 27 February 1845 – Joint Resolution, with amendments to be voted on by the house, passes U.S. Senate (27 to 25). 28 February 1845 – House adopts senate version of the joint resolution to annex the Republic of Texas (132 to 76). 01 March 1845 – President Polk signs annexation resolution. 03 March 1845 – Annexation offer sent to Texas president Anson Jones.

Texas and Annexation 1845 MAY 19 – Cuevas-Smith treaty between Mexico and Texas signed guaranteeing Texas independence so long as it remains a separate republic. JUNE 16 – Texas Congress meets in special session to consider both the proposed Mexican treaty and the annexation resolution from the U.S. Congress. U.S. offer accepted. JULY 4 – Convention meets to consider both the Mexican treaty and the U.S. annexation resolution. U.S. offer accepted by Convention. OCTOBER 13 – Annexation ordinance and state constitution submitted to the Texas voters for approval. (The vote tally on November 10, 1845, was 4,254 to 267 in favor of annexation; the total vote, compiled January 1, 1846, was 7,664 to 430 in favor of annexation.) DECEMBER 16 – U.S. House votes to annex Texas by Joint Resolution (141 to abstaining). DECEMBER 22 – U.S. Senates approves joint resolution for the admission of Texas as a state (31 to 14, 7 abstaining). DECEMBER 29 – President signs the Joint Resolution. “Texas officially the 28th state on this date.

Disputed Boundaries: Mexico & Texas 19 February 1846 – Texas President Anson Jones declares “The Republic of Texas is no more.” The transfer of government is completed when Governor J. Pinckney Henderson takes the oath of office. The United States agreed to maintain the boundaries set by the Texas congress in late 1836 at the Rio Grande.

Mexican-American War EventDateLocationSignificance Mexico snubs Slidell November 1845 Mexico City Pres. Polk instructs John Slidell to offer up to $25 million for New Mexico and California. Insulted Mexicans refuse to see Slidell. Polk orders troops to southern Texas January 1846 Rio Grande River Zachary Taylor and 4000 men are sent to disputed territory, expecting attack. Conflict with Mexican troops results in 16 American casualties. Congress declares war on Mexico May 1846 Washington, D.C. Polk asks for war with Mexico. Northern Whigs fear victory would add more slave states to U.S. Declaration passes 40-2 in Senate, in House. Whig Congressman Lincoln asks for the spot on American soil where American blood was shed. Bear Flag Republic established June 1846 Northern California John C. Fremont and volunteers capture town of Sonoma and hoist Bear Flag. Americans capture Monterey July 1846 Monterey, California 250 sailors capture Mexico's California capital without a shot. Kearny takes Santa Fe August 1846 New Mexico Marching from Kansas to California, Stephen Kearny's 1700 men take key Mexican trading post. Battle of San Pascual December 1846 San Diego, California In fierce fighting, Kearny's forces barely survive attack of Mexican lancers.

Mexican-American War EventDateLocationSignificance Battle of San Gabriel January 1847 San Gabriel, California Californio forces retreat as American forces cross San Gabriel River and take Los Angeles Battle of Buena Vista February 1847 Central Mexico With a much larger army (20,000 to Taylor's 5,000), Santa Anna is unable to defeat Taylor's American forces. VeracruzMarch 1847 East coast of Mexico Winfield Scott and 14,000 men capture port and begin following Cortez's route to Mexico City Mexico City September 1847 Central Mexico U.S. captures city. Santa Anna loses 4,000 of his 25,000-man army, while Scott loses 900 of his 10,000. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo February 2, 1848 Central Mexico Mexico gives up all claim to Texas. U.S. pays Mexico $15 million and agrees to assume American citizens' claims ($3,250,000) against Mexico. Expansionists call for "All Mexico." Senate passes treaty

Mexican American War

Polk’s Generals <= Zachary Taylor “Old Rough & Ready” Winfield Scott => “Old Fuss & Feathers”

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico: Gave up claims to Texas Ceded Nm & CA to U.S. United States: Paid Mexico $15 million Assumed $3.25 million in claims against Mexico

The Mexican Cession Land taken from Mexico formed: New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada California Parts of: Texas Wyoming Colorado

The War’s Legacies Completed nation’s __________ __________ with the exception of the Gadsden Purchase Expanded scope of __________ __________ Made war heroes of Scott & Taylor (both had political ambitions) Fostered an initial burst of __________ _________ On calmer reflection, seen as a war of __________ Provoked a violent debate about expansion of slavery into __________ __________