FINA 2802: Investments and Portfolio Analysis Securities Markets Dragon Yongjun Tang January 21 & 23, 2010

Lecture 4 & 5: Securities Markets Reading: Chapter 3 Practice Problem Sets: 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,18,20,21

Learning Objectives Role of investment bankers in primary issues Identify the various security markets Describe the role of brokers Compare trading practices in exchanges vs dealer markets Buy Stock on Margin and Sell Stock Short

Life Cycle of a Company Private (Entrepreneur + VC) Primary Commission Investment Bank Public (NYSE/Nasdaq) Secondary Dealer Market Maker Buy on Margin Sell Short Broker Bid-ask Spread Buy Commission Commission Sell

How Firms Issue Securities Primary Market: Initial Public Offering (IPO) Seasoned Equity Offering (SEO) Investment Bankers: Assist firms in issuing securities Firm Commitment (Take a risk in underwriting) Best efforts (issuer bears the risk of not placement)

Figure 3.1 Relationship Among a Firm Issuing Securities, the Underwriters and the Public

Figure 3.2 A Tombstone Advertisement

Shelf Registration SEC Rule 415 Allows firms to register securities and sell them gradually to the public for two years.

Private Placements Firms sell shares directly to a small group of institutional or wealthy investors Cheaper: No need to register to SEC (Rule 144A) Smaller offerings

Initial Public Offering (IPO) Road shows, bookbuilding Cost: commissions (7%) + underpricing Investment bankers tend to underprice new issues IPO prices tend to rise after IPO (“Money left on the table”) IPO are usually poor long-term investments Internet Auction

IPO Underpricing: A dramatic example (VA Linux) IPO price: $30 First day closing price: $239.25 Today’s price: $1.00 Replicate this picture using finance.yahoo.com (LNUX) Day's Range: 1.00 - 1.04 52wk Range: 0.32 – 2.18 Volume: 28,795 Avg Vol (3m): 270,871 Market Cap: 64.31M P/E (ttm): N/A EPS (ttm): -0.055 Div & Yield: N/A (N/A) Last Trade: 1.0025 1y Target Est: 1.59

Figure 3.3 Average Initial Returns for IPOs in Various Countries

Figure 3.4 Long-term Relative Performance of Initial Public Offerings

Where Securities Are Traded Secondary Market Organized exchanges NYSE (or the Big Board); AMEX; regional exchanges Over the counter (OTC) Nasdaq: market makers; three levels Bond trading Directly between the two parties Electronic Communication Networks (ECN)

National Market System Established by Exchange Act of 1975 Intent was to link firms electronically Resulted in Consolidated Tape

Bond Trading Major concern: Liquidity Automated Bond System (ABS) OTC market

Trading on Exchanges The participants: Investors Brokerage firms (owns a “seat” on the exchange) Commission brokers Floor brokers

Trading on Exchanges The specialist (or market maker): Makes a market The brokers’ broker Maintains the limit order book Maintains a fair and orderly market NYSE is an example

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

Trading on Exchanges Types of orders: Market Limit Day Good-till-canceled Stop-loss orders; stop-buy orders

Figure 3.5 Limit Order Book for Intel on Archipelago

Figure 3.6 Price-Contingent Orders

Trading on Exchanges Block orders - at least 10,000 shares DOT & SuperDOT - direct to specialist Settlement – three business days Shares “In Street Name”. Shares kept by the broker after a transaction

Trading on OTC Markets Negotiated market No specialist NASDAQ computer system

Nasdaq

Market Structures in Other Countries London - predominately electronic trading Euronext – market formed by combination of the Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels exchanges Tokyo Stock Exchange Hong Kong Stock Exchange Shanghai Stock Exchange

Cost of Trading Broker’s commissions: “Hidden” costs: Explicit Bid-Ask Spread Price Concession

Cost of Trading Impact of trading costs on returns

Cost of Trading Example: You bought a stock for $70 and later sold it for $80 You received $8 in dividends, paid an initial broker’s fee of $1% of purchase price, and paid another $1% of selling price when you sold the stock. What is your return on this investment (ignoring taxes)?

Placing an Order Should you use a full-service or a discount broker? What is the value of the full-service broker’s advice? Research indicates that full-service brokers do not earn investors any higher returns than what they can make on their own. Discretionary accounts allow the broker to make the buy and sell decisions without contacting the investor. Churning the account is trading securities excessively with the sole purpose of generating commissions.

Student Loan You think your value will go up You want to make the most out of it So you borrow money to finance education

Buying on Margin Borrow to buy securities (make use of the Broker call’s loan) Securities stay with the broker as collateral

Buying on Margin Investor’s account: Assets Liabilities Equity Value of stocks purchased Loan from Broker Equity Cost of setting up a margin strategy

Buying on Margin At time 0: At any future time

Buying on Margin The Federal Reserve System sets minimum initial margin requirements currently 50% All exchanges set a minimum maintenance margin requirement currently around 30%

Buying on Margin Example: What is the initial margin if the investor purchases 100 shares of stock at $100 per share using $6,000 of her own money and borrows the rest?

Buying on Margin Example (continued): If the value of the above stock fell to $70 per share, what is now the actual margin?

Buying on Margin Example (continued): If the value of the above stock fell to $50 per share, what is now the actual margin? Below 30% ===> margin call

Buying on Margin Margin Call Pmin= the lowest price a share can fall to without a call L = the loan value M = the margin requirement N = the number of shares

Buying on Margin Margin Call Example: An investor purchases 100 shares of stock at $100 per share using $6,000 of her own money and borrows the rest. If the maintenance margin is 30%, what is the lowest price a share can fall without a call?

Margin Trading - Initial Conditions X Corp $70 50% Initial Margin 40% Maintenance Margin 1000 Shares Purchased Initial Position Stock $70,000 Borrowed $35,000 Equity 35,000

Margin Trading - Maintenance Margin Stock price falls to $60 per share New Position Stock $60,000 Borrowed $35,000 Equity 25,000 Margin% = $25,000/$60,000 = 41.67%

Margin Trading - Margin Call How far can the stock price fall before a margin call? (1000P - $35,000)* / 1000P = 40% P = $58.33 * 1000P - Amt Borrowed = Equity

Problem 3, Chapter 3 (p. 93) Dee Trader opens a brokerage account, and purchases 300 shares of Internet Dreams at $40 per share. She borrows $4,000 from her broker to help pay for the purchase. The interest rate on the loan is 8%. a. What is the margin in Dee’s account when she first purchases the stock? b. If the share price falls to $30 per share by the end of the year, what is the remaining margin in her account? If the maintenance margin requirement is 30%, will she receive a margin call? c. What is the rate of return on her investment

Problem 7, Chapter 3 (p. 94) You are bullish on Telecom stock. The current market price is $50 per share, and you have $5,000 of your own to invest. You borrow an additional $5,000 from your broker at an interest rate of 8% per year and invest $10,000 in the stock. a. What will be your rate of return if the price of Telecom stock goes up by 10% during the next year? (Ignore the expected dividend.) b. How far does the price of Telecom stock have to fall for you to get a margin call if the maintenance margin is 30% of the value of the short position? Assume the price all happens immediately.

Why buy on margin? Borrowing magnifies ROE (risky strategy)

Leverage and ROE ROE

Short Sales Borrow Securities to sell them Sell first -- then buy! Margin is required (cost of short selling) Short position must be covered Investor expects price to decline

Short Selling Original Stock Holder 100 Shares Short Seller 100 Shares Broker 100 Shares New Stock Holder

Short Sales

Short Sales Example: An investor sells short 100 shares of stock at $100 per share. The margin requirement is 50% of the short sale. a. If the investor covers her short sale when the stock price declines to $70 per share, what is the return on the short sale? b. What is the return if there is no margin requirement?

Short Sales Example: An investor sells short 100 shares of stock at $100 per share. The margin requirement is 50% of the short sale. c. If the investor covers her short sale when the stock price increases to $130 per share, what is the return on the short sale?

Short Sales-Initial Margin Investor’s account at time 0: Assets Liabilities Value of stocks sold Value of Stocks owed Initial Margin (E0) Equity (Current Margin) Percentage Initial Margin= As time elapses, the value of stocks owed changes, affecting the %Margin!

Short Sales-Margin Investor’s account at time t: Assets Liabilities Value of stocks sold Value of Stocks owed Initial Margin (E0) DIVIDENDS DUE Equity (Et=Current Margin) Percentage Margin= As time elapses, the value of stocks owed changes, affecting the %Margin!

Short Sales -Margin How high can the price of stock go before a margin call is issued? Actual margin= We want actual margin > required margin. Solve for

Short Sales Margin call price:

Short Sales Example: An investor sells short 100 shares of stock at $100 per share. The initial margin requirement is 50% of the short sale. If the maintenance margin is 30%, what is the maximum stock price without a margin call on the short sale?

Short Sale - Initial Conditions Z Corp 100 Shares 50% Initial Margin 30% Maintenance Margin $100 Initial Price Sale Proceeds $10,000 Margin & Equity 5,000 Stock Owed 10,000

Short Sale - Maintenance Margin Stock Price Rises to $110 Sale Proceeds $10,000 Initial Margin 5,000 Stock Owed 11,000 Net Equity 4,000 Margin % (4000/11000) 36%

Short Sale - Margin Call How much can the stock price rise before a margin call? ($15,000* - 100P) / (100P) = 30% P = $115.38 * Initial margin plus sale proceeds

Problem 4, Chapter 3 (p. 93) Old Economy Traders opened an account to short sell 1,000 shares of Internet Dreams from Question 3. The initial margin requirement was 50%. (The margin account pays no interest.) A year later, the price of Internet Dreams has risen from $40 to $50, and the stock has paid a dividend of $2 per share. a. What is the remaining margin in the account? b. If the maintenance margin requirement is 30%, will Old Economy receive a margin call? c. What is the rate of return on the investment?

Problem 8, Chapter 3 (p. 94) You are bearish on Telecom and decide to sell short 100 shares at the current market price of $50 per share. a. How much in cash or securities must you put into your brokerage account if the broker’s initial margin requirement is 50% of the value of the short position? b. How high can the price of the stock go before you get a margin call if the maintenance margin is 30% of the value of the short position?

Regulations of Securities Markets Securities Act of 1933 Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970 Blue Sky Laws Circuit Breakers Main Concern: Insider Trading Trading scandals and reactions: Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Securities Act of 1933 requires full disclosure of relevant information relating to the issue of new securities. This act requires registration of new securities and a prospectus. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to administer the provisions of the 1933 Act. Also, empowered the SEC to register and regulate securities exchanges, OTC trading, brokers and dealers. The Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970 established the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC). Protection of investor from Broker’s failures Blue Sky laws are state laws regulating securities trading in a state. Circuit breakers halt trading for one hour when the DJIA falls 250 points from the previous day’s close; trading is stopped for two hours if the drop is 400 points. Market participants are thus able to evaluate their positions while prices are frozen. These trading restrictions were suggested as a result of the stock market crash of October 19, 1987. Also, the SuperDOT systems shuts down if the DJIA moves up or down 50 points ion one day making it difficult to engage in program trading.

Summary Issuing securities Trading Buying on margin and short sales Next class: Mutual Funds