Chapter 20 The New Frontier And The Great Society

Presidential Nominees in the election of 1960: Nixon Nixon Kennedy Kennedy

Election of 1960  John F. Kennedy vs. Nixon  Took part in the first televised debate between two presidential candidates  Debate took place on Sept. 26, 1960  70 million T.V viewers

Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Did You Know? He was a decorated naval officer in World War II. He received the Pulitzer Prize for his book, "Profiles in Courage." He served exactly 1,000 days in office. He was the first president born in the 20th century and the youngest president ever elected. He is the only Roman Catholic president He could read 1600 words a minute.

Section one… John F. Kennedy Became the 35 th President in January1961 Only 43 when elected which made him the second youngest president elected Democrat Won by fewer than 119,000 votes

Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Kennedy was the youngest person ever to be elected president. His youth helped provide the theme to his inaugural address: “Let the word go forth… That the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans… The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it…And so, my fellow Americans-ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.”

The Camelot Years With JFK’s youthful glamour and his talented advisors, the Kennedy White House reminded many of a modern- day Camelot, the mythical court of King Arthur.

It's true! It's true! The crown has made it clear. The climate must be perfect all the year. A law was made a distant moon ago here: July and August cannot be too hot. And there's a legal limit to the snow here In Camelot. The winter is forbidden till December And exits March the second on the dot. By order, summer lingers through September In Camelot. Camelot! Camelot! I know it sounds a bit bizarre, But in Camelot, Camelot

That's how conditions are. The rain may never fall till after sundown. By eight, the morning fog must disappear. In short, there's simply not A more congenial spot For happily-ever-aftering than here In Camelot. Camelot! Camelot! I know it gives a person pause, But in Camelot, Camelot Those are the legal laws. The snow may never slush upon the hillside. By nine p.m. the moonlight must appear. In short, there's simply not A more congenial spot For happily-ever-aftering than here In Camelot.

Kennedy’s Advisers McGeorge Bundy- Harvard grad. Was National security adviser McGeorge Bundy- Harvard grad. Was National security adviser Robert McNamara- President of Ford Motor Company. Was secretary of defense Robert McNamara- President of Ford Motor Company. Was secretary of defense Dean Rusk- President of Rockafella foundation. Was secretary of state Dean Rusk- President of Rockafella foundation. Was secretary of state

Attorney General: Robert Kennedy

Military Policy Focused on the Cold War Focused on the Cold War Flexible Response Flexible Response –A policy developed by the Kennedy Administration, prepared the military for different forms of attack other than nuclear weapons –Help created elite branches of the military Special Forces Green Berets

Crisis Over Cuba The first test of Kennedy’s foreign policy came in Cuba, just 90 miles off the coast of Florida. Revolutionary leader, Fidel Castro, openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

Fidel Castro Castro openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union Castro openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union U.S saw Castro as a tyrant who had replaced one dictatorship with another U.S saw Castro as a tyrant who had replaced one dictatorship with another Because of communism 10 percent of Cuba’s population went into exile in Miami, Florida Because of communism 10 percent of Cuba’s population went into exile in Miami, Florida

The Bay of Pigs On the nights of April 17,1961, some 1500 Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. military landed on the island’s southern coast at Baja de Cochinos, the Bay of Pigs. The CIA and the exiles hoped it would trigger a mass uprising that would overthrow Castro. It didn’t! Cuban forces, backed by Soviet tanks and jet aircraft, easily repelled the exile invasion. Some of the exiles were killed, others imprisoned.

The Bay of Pigs ► March 1960 Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to train Cuba exiles as spies ► April 17, 1961  soldiers were sent by Kennedy to head off Castro but Castro’s troops headed them off and captured men  Kennedy negotiated with Castro for the release of the surviving commandos  Kennedy had to pay a ransom of 53 million in food and medical supplies

Cuban Missile Crisis In October, 1962, photographs taken by American planes revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba-and some contained missiles ready to launch. They could reach U.S. cities in minutes.

On October 22, Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent further deliveries of Soviet weapons. He also demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles. Khrushchev promised to challenge the blockade, calling it “outright banditry.”

For a few days, nuclear war and massive destruction was a distinct possibility for every American. In schools, children practiced air raid drills, a common occurrence during the Cold War. People who had built bomb shelters began stocking them with food and other provisions. Even the president called his family to the White House where they could be protected in the presidential nuclear shelter.

Suddenly, on October 24, many of the Soviet ships stopped short of the blockade line, turned, and sailed home. “We’re eyeball to eyeball,” said Secretary of State Dean Rusk, “and I think the other fellow just blinked.” On October 28 Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile bases in response to Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis ► October 22, Kennedy informed the country of the Soviet Unions missile and his plan to get rid of them ► In Florida 100,000 troops waited for one of the largest invasions ► Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles if the U.S did not invade

Kennedy and Berlin One of the high points of Kennedy’s foreign travels was a trip he made to Berlin in 1963 to dramatize America’s commitment to West Berlin and West Germany. In a speech at the Berlin Wall, Kennedy electrified an audience of about 150,000 Germans by stating, “Ich bin ein Berliner” (I am a Berliner), thus declaring the solidarity of all free people with the people of West Berlin.

The New Frontier President Kennedy’s legislative program to provide medical care for the elderly…. To rebuild blighted urban areas….

To aid education…. To bolster the national defense….

To increase international aid…. To expand the space program.

And to promote civil rights. To provide volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Tragedy in Dallas In the fall of 1963, public opinion polls showed that Kennedy was losing popularity because of his advocacy of civil rights. On November 22, 1963, President and Mrs. Kennedy went to Texas to mend political fences with members of the state’s Democratic Party.

Crowds lined the streets of Dallas to greet the President. In front of them sat Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie.

As the car approached a state building known as the Texas State Book Depository, rifle shots rang out.

Kennedy was shot in the head. His car raced to a nearby hospital, where doctors frantically tried to revive him, but it was too late. President Kennedy was dead.

In 1963, the Warren Commission investigated and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had shot the president while acting on his own.

On Sunday, Nov. 24, as millions watched live television coverage of Oswald being transferred between jails, a nightclub owner named Jack Ruby broke through the crowd and shot and killed Oswald.

Important Terms Hot Line A communist link established in 1963 to allow the leaders of the U.S and the Soviet Union to contact each other in a time of crisis Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963 treaty in which the U.S and the Soviet Union agreed not to conduct nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere Berlin Wall A concrete wall topped with barbed wire that served the city in two 20 percent of Germany’s population had fled to West Berlin because it was free of communism

Section 2 The New Frontier

Kennedy “ We stand today on the edge of a new frontier’’ “ We stand today on the edge of a new frontier’’ –Kennedy called on Americans to be “new pioneers” and explore uncharted areas of science and space, unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.

Stimulating the Economy Unemployment was 6% which was the highest since WWII 1961 Deficit spending took place- department of defense received 20% budget increase for weapons Minimum wage increased $1.25 an hr extended unemployment insurance, and provided assistance to cities w/ high unemployment

Addressing Poverty Aboard  Peace Corps Programs of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America  “Kennedy kiddie Korps” because many of the volunteers were college kids  By 1968 more than 35,000 volunteers and served 60 nations  Alliance for progress offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries  Between 1961 and 1969 U.S invested $12 billion in Latin America

Race to the Moon April 12, 1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin became the first human in space Kennedy surpassed this and sent a man to the moon NASA stands for America’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration Launch facilities at Cape Canaveral, Florida and mission control center in Houston, Texas Neil Armstrong took the first steps on the moon on July 20, 1969

Tragedy in Dallas  November 22, 1963 Kennedy was shot dead  Warren commission investigated and concluded Oswald shot the President while acting on his own

Section 3 The Great Society

Lyndon Baines Johnson Was a major leader of the Democratic party He also aoristically escalated the number of soldiers in Vietnam from 16 thousand in 1963 to 550 thousand in 1968

Building a Better America Medicare/ Medicaid Provided health insurance and low cost medical care for people over the age of 65 Immigration Act Made it easier for people that weren’t European to settle in the U.S

Reforms of The Warren Court  Major court decisions during the 1960’s that put societies liberty on a short leash No praying in public schools Changed the whole Criminal Justice system all together

Chapter 20 review Period 9 Lizzie Lizzie Diamond Diamond Drew Drew

QUIZ 1) WHAT WAS THE NICKNAME THAT THE PEACE CORPS WENT BY? 1) WHAT WAS THE NICKNAME THAT THE PEACE CORPS WENT BY? 2) WHAT WAS ONE OF THE CHANGES THAT THE WARREN COURT MADE IN SOCIETY? 2) WHAT WAS ONE OF THE CHANGES THAT THE WARREN COURT MADE IN SOCIETY? 3) WHO WAS LBJ? 3) WHO WAS LBJ? 4) WHO SHOT JFK? 4) WHO SHOT JFK? 5) WHAT DOES NASA STAND FOR? 5) WHAT DOES NASA STAND FOR? 6) WHAT WAS THE BAY OF PIGS? 6) WHAT WAS THE BAY OF PIGS?