CRQ Practice and Predictions

Bring pens and pencils to exam Bring watch to guarantee you can time yourself – 1 hour for 75 multiple choice – 75 minutes (1hour, 15 minutes) for 3 CRQs Get plenty of sleep tonight Eat breakfast tomorrow morning and bring snack Report to library at 7:15 For Tomorrow

Remember the Films “World in the Balance” – case studied population issues in Japan, India, and Kenya “God Grew Tired of Us” – lost boys of Sudan; refugees due to religion (Islam in north, Christian in south) and race (Arab in north, black in south); seek asylum in U.S. “Promises” – Israeli-Palestinian conflict “Secret State of North Korea” – life under Kim Jong Un “Food Inc.” – industrialization of agriculture; agribusiness

U.S. CENTER OF POPULATION Colonial settlements along East Coast Transportation improvements allowed westward expansion (early 1800s = Erie Canal; late 1800s = railroads) Gold rush in California, advances in agriculture help settle Great Plains Recent growth of South (right to work, industries relocating south)

Central Place Theory

Rank Size Rule The size of cities within a country will be in proportion to each other Applies to United States (not exact) Largest City: x (population) 2 nd Largest City: 1/2 x (population) 3 rd Largest City: 1/3 x (population) Population

U.S. CitiesPopulation New York City, New York8,175,133 Los Angeles, California3,792,621 Chicago, Illinois2,695,598 Houston, Texas2,099,451 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania1,526,006 Phoenix, Arizona1,445,632 San Antonio, Texas1,327,407 San Diego, California1,307,402 Dallas, Texas1,197,816 San Jose, California945,942

Periferico – periphery squatter settlements, high poverty Elite residential sector – along spine of commercial activities Zone of situ accretion – transitioning toward maturity (mix of middle-low income) Zone of maturity – services and infrastructure development Latin American Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

Peripheral Model (Galactic City Model) The central city is surrounded by a beltway or ring road. Around the beltway are suburban residential areas and nodes, or edge cities, where consumer and business services and manufacturing cluster. Shows urban decentralization (increase in edge cities)

Includes a central business district, central city, new downtown, and suburban downtown Edge City

Borchert’s Model of Urban Evolution (Growth of U.S. cities) = Industrial Cities Along Railroads (Detroit, Chicago, Pittsburgh) = Modern Cities Along Roads (suburbs)

Supranational Organizations European Union NAFTA OPEC NATO UN

Supranational Organizations European Union – Free movement of goods, labor, capital – Purpose was to prevent conflict by making countries economically dependent on each other – Has integrated Europe – Migration from eastern Europe to western Europe because people are looking for jobs

Gender Gender is a huge factor that keeps countries from increasing development Gender Inequality Index (rated 0-1) – 0 means men and women fare equally – 1 means women fare poorly How is this measured? – Women in positions of power – % of women who have completed high school – Female labor force participation (% with jobs outside the home) – Adolescent fertility rate (15-19 years old) – Maternal mortality

UN Millennium Goals A declaration with the goal of improving the living conditions of people in the least developed countries by eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2.achieve universal primary education 3.promote gender equality and empower women 4.reduce child mortality 5.improve maternal health 6.combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7.ensure environmental sustainability 8.develop a global partnership for development

Refugees Most from Africa or Southwest Asia (Afghanistan and Iraq) Most can only migrate a short distance for safety (IDPs) Those who can go far, seek asylum in Europe or U.S. Political – Genocide – Sudan (Darfur) – Oppression – DRC, Nigeria, Palestinians – Terrorism – ISIS, al Qaeda

Terrorism Goal: spread fear and anxiety and get publicity; targets ordinary people In a globalized world, terrorists have been able to gain access to wide geographic areas Globalization - Utilize technology Government – State sponsored, provide funds Islamic fundamentalism Al Qaeda and ISIS

Arab Spring Major protests in Southwest Asia and North Africa to force autocratic rulers from power Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Yemen Use of social media to show oppression and raise awareness (Facebook, Twitter)

Religious Conflicts Israel – Israeli Jews and Palestinian Muslims Sri Lanka – Buddhist Sinhalese and Hindu Tamil Sudan – Arab Muslims in north and Black Christians in South Ireland – Protestants and Catholics Iraq – Sunni and Shiites

 Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following has contributed to the development of national identity and the strengthening of a state.  Economic development  Relocation of a state’s capital #2 Part A

ChinaAny of the Asian Tigers How this helps national identity… More capitalism in their economy As of 2001, China joined World Trade Organization (WTO) Has allowed foreign investment into their country (EPZs, SEZs) Relocation of factories to China has provided citizens with jobs Used the international trade approach to increase their economic development Have focused on skilled labor, electronics, and clothing Rapid growth of economy Strong economy creates jobs, supports a sense of well being, and supports confidence in leadership and loyalty to state Economic prosperity helps to hide other problems the country may be experiencing National pride reinforces national identity

BrazilNigeriaHow this helps national identity… Relocated capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia in order to relocate population to a central area Helps develop the interior which was mostly uninhabited Break ties with colonial past (importance of cities along the coast to provide to Portugal) Relocated capital from Lagos to Abuja Since Nigeria is comprised of so many ethnic groups, there has been constant conflict Capital was relocated to a central location to accommodate different ethnic groups Strengthens the state and provides stability

Nigeria: A Case Study for Language Conflicts 493 languages 3 main languages – Hausa (15%) – Yoruba (15%) – Igbo (15%) 55% speak one of the other 490 languages

 Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following may detract from the development of national identity and weaken a state.  Ethnicity  Transportation/infrastructure #2 Part B

YugoslaviaNigeriaHow this hurts national identity… Ethnic tensions between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims led to genocide during the 1990s Ethnic tensions between Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba has led to constant violence and fighting Ethnic tension weakens loyalty to the state Tension between ethnic groups can lead to balkanization, separatism, devolution, etc. Placement of political boundaries without regard to ethnic territories leads to problems

ChileDemocratic Republic of Congo How this hurts national identity… Elongated state therefore poor communications Weak government and rebel groups have deterred the maintaining of infrastructure Poor transportation infrastructure contributes to isolation and a sense of separation Size or shape of a state may hinder development