HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Life Stages— * Infancy---birth to 1 year * Early Childhood—1 to 6 years * Late Childhood –6 to 12 years * Adolescence—12 to 20 years * Early Adulthood—20 to 40 years * Middle Adulthood—40 to 65 years * Late Adulthood—65 years & up

Four main types of growth and development Physical—body growth, height/weight change, muscle/nerve dev., changes in body organs Mental—dev of mind, includes learning how to solve problems, make judgments, and deal with situations Emotional—refers to feelings—includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, excitement Social—refers to interactions and relationships with others

Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

Infancy 6 to 8 pounds to 24 pounds 18 to 22 inches---29 to 30 inches Reflex actions—startle-- Moro, rooting, suckling, grasp 4 to 5 months roll side to back 6 to 7 months sit up 12 months walk without assistance 12 months--10 to 12 teeth

Respond to discomforts—pain, cold, hungry 6 months understand some words 12 months use single words Newborns show excitement 4 to 6 months—show distress, delight, disgust, anger and fear. **Events that occur in the first year of life, when these emotions are first exhibited, can have a strong influence on an individual’s emotional behavior during childhood**

Newborns are self-centered 4 months recognize caregivers 6 months watch others, become shy, show possessiveness 12 months socialize freely with familiar people

Early Childhood Age 1 to 6 Legs and lower body grow more rapidly than do the head, arms and chest Muscle coordination allows them to run and climb and move freely Age 2 to 3 digestive system can handle adult food Age 2 to 4 years potty training

Age 1—a few words; age 6--2,500 words 4 years—frequent questions Decisions based on logic, not trial and error Important to establish limits for safety Impatience/frustration with abilities Temper tantrums Like routine Beginning to gain control over emotions 6 years—more social

Late Childhood Ages 6 to 12 Preadolescence

Physical development is slow but steady Most primary teeth are lost and permanent ones come in Sexual maturation may begin around age 10 to 12

Mental development increases rapidly due to influence of school. Begin to understand abstract concepts such as loyalty, honesty, values More adept at making judgments Move from fear of the uncertainty of new experiences to the ability to cope Sexual maturation may lead to mood swings May become restless, anxious, and difficult to understand

Move from desire to do things on their own to the desire to be in groups Peer pressure is evident Less dependency on parents

Adolescence

Age 12 to 20 Most traumatic life stage Height and weight change Muscle coordination lags; may be clumsy Puberty sets in with secondary sex characteristics appearing Increase in knowledge and ability to make decisions and take responsibility for one’s own actions Time of conflict—not a child; not an adult

Concerned with appearance, feel insecure, inadequate Work toward gaining control over feelings and becoming more mature emotionally.

Problems arising from social pressures

Chemical abuse

Early adulthood

Middle adulthood Age 40 to 65

Late Adulthood 65 and up

Death and Dying

Denial

Anger

Bargaining

Depression

Acceptance