Addressing Rolling Resistance and Durability of Tires by Using Sulfron 3001 Good morning ladies and gentleman Sulfron 3001 is a product that we have developed about 2 years ago and it is now a commercial product. I want to show you today our latest finding related to this compounding ingredient. N. Huntink, R. Datta†, P. Paping, M. van der Made Teijin Aramid BV, Arnhem, The Netherlands S. Parker Teijin Aramid USA Inc., 801-F Blacklawn Road Conyers, GA 30012-5187, USA

Outline Introduction – Tire needs Teijin Aramid’s offering – SULFRON Underlying principle of improvements Compounding recommendations Evaluation results - Truck/Bus tread compounds - Belt skim compounds Result tire test Interfering ingredients Conclusions This is the content of my presentation. In the introduction I want to tell sometrhing about the needs of the tire industry and I will show where Sulfron can help. I will explain the underlying principle of the improvement obtained by Sulfron ……….

Focus of the tire industry Sulfron in Tires Making the Environment Green Fuel Economy Durability Safety

Teijin Aramid’s offerings - Sulfron SULFRON is based on a Twaron matrix, which is modified by chemicals to activate the surface of the Aramid fibers. Reaction mechanism suggests that SULFRON does interact with filler surfaces (both carbon black and silica) thereby reducing filler-filler interaction (Payne effect) NH NHOC CO n Fuel economy Better 4% + Sulfron Sulfron = Twaron reacted with special chemicals No Sulfron Durability Up 20%! Safety No compromise

Sulfron 3001 Sulfron 3001 is based on a peroxide (PO), 1,1-Di(tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane [3006-86-8] Radicals: highly reactive species Radicals from PO react or interact with aramid creating stable living radicals (probably on aramid surface). These living radicals react with carbon black radicals during mixing. Some pre-crosslinking of rubber is expected because of side reactions. Radicals are being studied with ESR

Some speculations on the mechanism of peroxide modification of Twaron

Effect of Silane on Payne effect : Silica compounds Underlying principle of improvements by Sulfron 3001 Effect of Silane on Payne effect : Silica compounds Effect of Sulfron on Payne effect : Carbon black compounds

Compounding recommendations Mixing time and temperature Mixing window for optimum performance

Mixing procedure Critical point: We need 150-165°C at 3 min and keep the temperature same till 5 minutes.

Mixing window for optimum performance 30% improvement in hysteresis can be achieved if * mixing temperature 150-165°C * Mixing time of 2 minutes after reaching the temperature (150-165°C) The deviation is within the error 1 & 2 phr Sulfron: No significant differences

Sulfron 3001 in typical truck tread compounds

Formulation (Bias Tread)

Rheometer data at 145°C

Processing data

Payne effect (RPA measurement) Control Sulfron 1.00 phr 1.25 phr 1.50 phr

Mechanical Properties (Cured at 145°C/t90)

Viscoelastic properties (60°C, 15Hz and 2% strain)

Belt skim compounds

Contribution to rolling resistance: Parts of Truck tires

Belt Failure Due to heat and loss in adhesion

Formulations Belt skim compound

Payne effect in Belt Skim compound Control Sulfron 3001

Tangent delta at 60°C/10Hz (Hysteresis) Tan δ reduced by 15%

Heat build up curves at 100°C 2 6 1 4 8 3 5 Blow Out T e m p r a t u , ° C 01 Control 02 Sulfron T i m e , n u t s

Sulfron 3001 tire test results

Truck tires: 295/R22.5 : Sulfron 1,5phr in tread only Properties Control +Sulfron 3001 Difference Tire temperature (15 hr at 50-110 kph)   Shoulder temperature, °C 151 132 -19°C Crown temperature, °C 154 134 -20°C Tire rolling resistance 40 kph, kW 2.64 2.20 -16% 60 kph, kW 4.15 3.38 -18% 80 kph, kW 5.91 4.48 -24% 100 kph, kW 7.85 5.50 -30% Tire endurance (110 kph till failure) Endurance time, hours 17.2 22.5 +31% Endurance distance, kms 1420 1810 +28%

Results of outdoor tire tests +Sulfron 3001 CONTROL

Interfering ingredients Effect of other compounding ingredients: Different blacks Different polymers Peptizers Different oils

ESR spectra of different types of Carbon black at RT CB-N326 CB-N330 CB-N339 Good correlation between reduction in tan δ and radical density of carbon black!! CB-N220 CB-N234 CB-N110 CB-N115 CB-N134

Effect of peptizers in NR/BR formulation Renacit 11WG : 2,2’-dibenzamidophenyldisulfide (DBD) Noctizer SD : 70% stearic acid + 30% di(orthobenzamidophenyl)disulfide

Tan δ at rolling conditions

Interfering Ingredients Peptizers – Eliminate, if necessary ( Sulfron gives low viscosity) Silica/Silane: React silica and silane before addition of carbon black + Sulfron 3001. Unreacted silica may interfere into Sulfron 3001 reactivity. Performance of S-3001 depends on type of rubber: Best NR < SBR < BR Worst Performance of S-3001 depends on type of black: Best 300 series < 200 series < 100 series Worst     Aromatic oils (high levels) may interfere into Sulfron reaction. Certain oil extended polymers may give unusual effects. This is because of the nature of oil present: Best TDAE oil < paraffinic oil < aromatic oil < high aromatic oil Worst              

Thank you for your attention CONCLUSIONS Thank you for your attention Sulfron 3001 decreases filler-filler interaction thus reduces frictional energy Reduction of Hysteresis Reduction of Heat build up * Improved Fuel Efficiency * Improved Durability Improvements: (a) Payne effect (b) Heat build up, Permanent set (c) Hysteresis, tangent delta (d) Dynamic abrasion (wear) (e) Fatigue, flex, cut/chip and chunk