Key Issue #2: Where are more and less developed countries distributed? Development Key Issue #2: Where are more and less developed countries distributed?

More Developed Regions Anglo-America Western Europe Eastern Europe Japan South Pacific More Developed Regions

Anglo America

Anglo-America Canada and the United States HDI = .94 90% use English as their first language 90% are Christian Well endowed with minerals and natural resources Remains the leading consumers Leading provider of high-tech services and services that promote use of leisure time Anglo-America

American Leisure Industries

Western Europe

HDI = .93 The diversity of language and religion has been a source of conflict for many years Competition caused WWI and WWII Competition has dissolved since WWII The EU makes Western Europe the world’s largest and richest market NIRs are at or below zero, so population growth is only because of immigration Western Europe

HDI = .80 Eastern Europe is the only region that has declined since 1990 Legacy of Communist rule It is classified as developed because of its tradition of development Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Japan HDI = .94 Unfavorable ratio of population to resources High physiological density Few raw materials How did it develop? At first – abundant supply of labor willing to work for cheap Once it had a foothold in the global economy, Japan began to make more high value goods Concentrating resources and rigorous educational systems and training programs to create skilled labor Japan

South Pacific

HDI = .87 The South Pacific has a high HDI, but is less central to the global economy because of its small population and peripheral location The HDIs of Australia and New Zealand are comparable to other PEDs Shared cultural characteristics with Britain Exporters of food and resources to Britain, and they are gaining increased ties with Japan and other Asian countries South Pacific

Less Developed Regions Latin America East Asia Middle East Southeast Asia South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Less Developed Regions

Latin America

HDI = .80 Most speak Spanish or Portuguese and are Roman Catholic They are more likely to live in urban areas than people in other developing regions Overall development is hindered by inequitable income distribution Often, a handful of wealthy families control much of the land and rent to individual farmers Latin American governments encourage redistribution of lands, but do not want to alienate the large property owners Latin America

HDI = .76 The economy of East Asia, and the world, is being driven by China China – the world’s second largest economy, accounts for 1/3 of the world’s total economic growth China’s GDP per capita has risen faster than any other country East Asia

China cont… 1949 – Communist beat the Nationalist, who flee to Taiwan Communist changes – government control of land, assigning tasks, and distribution of food Recent years – control has been loosened One Child Policy – China has a lower NIR, and is able to focus on raising the standard of living 21st Century – manufacturing has increased dramatically With rising wealth, the largest population is now the largest market for consumer goods China cont…

The Middle East

Middle East HDI = .68 Most is desert – products must be imported Major economic asset – the world’s largest percentage of oil reserves Enjoys a trade surplus Many governments have access to plenty of money Middle East

Despite Having Money, Why the Low HDI in the Middle East? Three main reasons: Lack of political freedom Low education and literacy rates Lack of opportunities for women The gap between petroleum rich countries and those without causes tension Challenge = to promote development without abandoning traditional cultural elements of Islam, the religion of more than 95% of the population Despite Having Money, Why the Low HDI in the Middle East?

Tension in the Middle East Iran – dominated by Shiite Muslims, has encouraged revolutions elsewhere in the region Most Middle Eastern states refuse to recognize Israel Terrorism – very few endorse these acts Alternatives are sought to U.S. influenced culture and development Tension in the Middle East

President Mahmoud Ahmadindjad

Southeast Asia

HDI = .58 Indonesia – SE Asia’s most populous country, contains 13,667 islands 2/3 of the population lives on Java Other populous countries – Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines Southeast Asia

Why SE Asia Has Limited Development A half century of nearly continuous warfare Mountain ranges, active volcanoes, and frequent typhoons Development has been rapid in – Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines due to cheap labor Economic growth has slowed – funds for development have been invested unwisely or even stolen by corrupt officials Southeast Asian countries have been forced to reform to attract foreign investors Why SE Asia Has Limited Development

South Asia

HDI = .58 India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan Has the world’s second highest population and the second lowest per capita income A beneficiary of the Green Revolution Climate – monsoons are important! South Asia

India cont…. India has become the world’s fourth largest economy The rate of growth is second only to China India is now a major manufacturer A major service provider (call centers) India cont….

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa HDI = .51 Sub = under (submarine) Sub–Saharan Africa is Africa South of the Sahara Population density is the lowest Contains many resources Wealth is comparable to other PINGs Sub-Saharan Africa

Why isn’t Sub-Saharan Africa developed? The world’s highest percentage of people living in poverty and suffering from poor health and low levels of education Economic conditions have deteriorated in recent years Legacy of the colonial era Many landlocked states Political Issues Boundaries drawn without regard to ethnic groups…..the led to conflict Fundamental problem for many states = the capacity of the land to feed its inhabitants Why isn’t Sub-Saharan Africa developed?