©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 1 Service-centric Software Engineering

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 2 Objectives To introduce the idea of service-oriented architectures To explain the notion of a reusable service, based on web service standards, that provides a mechanism for inter- organisational computing; To describe the service engineering process that is intended to produce reusable web services; To introduce service composition as a means of application development; To show how business process models may be used as a basis for the design of service-oriented systems.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 3 Topics covered l Service-oriented architectures l Services as reusable components l Service engineering l Software development with services

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 4 Service-oriented architectures l Based around the notion of externally provided services (web services). l A web service is a standard approach to making a reusable component available and accessible across the web A tax filing service could provide support for users to fill in their tax forms and submit these to the tax authorities. l Services may execute on different computers from different service providers.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 5 A generic service l An act or performance offered by one party to another. Although the process may be tied to a physical product, the performance is essentially intangible and does not normally result in ownership of any of the factors of production. l Service provision is therefore independent of the application using the service.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 6 Web services

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 7 Service roles l Service registry Provides details of the range of services that are available (possibly from different providers) l Service provider Hosts a service that can be accessed and used by external clients l Service requestor Seeks a service to be incorporated into an application or a business process

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 8 Services and distributed objects l Provider independence. l Public advertising of service availability. l Potentially, run-time service binding. l Opportunistic construction of new services through composition. l Pay for use of services. l Smaller, more compact applications. l Reactive and adaptive applications.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 9 Services scenario l An in-car information system provides drivers with information on weather, road traffic conditions, local information etc. This is linked to car radio so that information is delivered as a signal on a specific radio channel. l The car is equipped with GPS receiver to discover its position and, based on that position, the system accesses a range of information services. Information may be delivered in the driver’s specified language.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 10 Automotive system

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 11 Hybrid system l The in-car system is an example of a hybrid system where local computation does not use a web service based approach (Too much computational and communication overhead) l However, features that rely on external information or which require more processing than can be provided on-board (e,g, translation) are accessed as services. l Mobility means binding to different services depending on location.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 12 Benefits of SOA l Services can be provided locally or outsourced to external providers l Services are language-independent l Investment in legacy systems can be preserved l Applications can be adaptive, binding to different services as availability and capability changes l Inter-organisational computing is facilitated through simplified information exchange

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 13 Web service standards

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 14 Key standards l SOAP A message exchange standard that supports service communication l WSDL (Web Service Definition Language) This standard allows a service interface and its bindings to be defined l UDDI Defines the components of a service specification that may be used to discover the existence of a service l WS-BPEL A standard for workflow languages used to define service composition

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 15 Other standards l A standards body exists (OASIS) to ratify service standards but it is not completely effective l There are a huge number of proposed standards to support other aspects of SOA (e.g. security, dependability, QoS, etc.) but few of these standards have been agreed or accepted by the major vendors.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 16 Service-oriented software engineering l Existing approaches to software engineering have to evolve to reflect the service-oriented approach to software development Service engineering. The development of dependable, reusable services Software development for reuse Software development with services. The development of dependable software where services are the fundamental components Software development with reuse

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 17 Services as reusable components l A service can be defined as: A loosely-coupled, reusable software component that encapsulates discrete functionality which may be distributed and programmatically accessed. A web service is a service that is accessed using standard Internet and XML-based protocols l A critical distinction between a service and a component as defined in CBSE is that services are independent Services rely on message-based communication with messages expressed in XML Services are stateless ie they do not maintain information from one invocation to another

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 18 RPC vs message based interaction l Component-based system generally use a style of interaction which is based on a remote procedure or method call i.e. the remote component is called as if it was local. l Middleware is used to manage this interaction. l Services use a different approach based on message passing where all information about the service required is bundled into a single message

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 19 Synchronous interaction

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 20 An order as an XML message

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 21 Web service description language l The service interface is defined in a service description expressed in WSDL. This has been agreed as a standard and is generally adopted. l The WSDL specification defines What operations the service supports and the format of the messages that are sent and received by the service How the service is accessed - that is, the binding maps the abstract interface ontoa concrete set of protocols Where the service is located. This is usually expressed as a URI (Universal Resource Identifier)

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 22 Structure of a WSDL specification

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 23 A WSDL description fragment

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 24 A WSDL description fragment 2

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 25 Service engineering l The process of developing services for reuse in service-oriented applications l The service has to be designed as a reusable abstraction that can be used in different systems l Involves Service candidate identification Service design Service implementation

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 26 The service engineering process

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 27 Service candidate identification l Three fundamental types of service Utility services that implement general functionality used by different business processes Business services that are associated with a specific business function e.g., in a university, student registration Coordination services that support composite processes such as ordering

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 28 Service classification

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 29 Service identification l Is the service associated with a single logical entity used in different business processes? l Is the task one that is carried out by different people in the organisation? l Is the service independent? l Does the service have to maintain state? Is a database required? l Could the service be used by clients outside the organisation? l Are different users of the service likely to have different non- functional requirements?

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 30 Catalogue services l Created by a supplier to show which goods can be ordered from them by other companies l Service requirements Specific version of catalogue should be created for each client Catalogue shall be downloadable The specification and prices of up to 6 items may be compared Browsing and searching facilities shall be provided A function shall be provided that allows the delivery date for ordered items to be predicted Virtual orders shall be supported which reserve the goods for 48 hours to allow a company order to be placed

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 31 Catalogue - Non-functional requirements l Access shall be restricted to employees of accredited organisations l Prices and configurations offered to each organisation shall be confidential Because different prices may be agreed for different customers l The catalogue shall be available from 0700 to 1100 l The catalogue shall be able to process up to 10 requests per second

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 32 Catalogue service operations

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 33 Service interface design l Involves thinking about the operations associated with the service and the messages exchanged l The number of messages exchanged to complete a service request should normally be minimised to reduce the communication overhead. l Service state information may have to be included in messages as services should not maintain state.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 34 Interface design stages l Logical interface design Starts with the service requirements and defines the operation names and parameters associated with the service. Exceptions should also be defined l Message design Design the structure and organisation of the input and output messages. Notations such as the UML are a more abstract representation than XML l WSDL description The logical specification is converted to a WSDL description

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 35 Catalogue interface design

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 36 Message structure definition l This has to be (ultimately) expressed in XML but I think it is easier to think about and express this graphically (using a notation such as the UML) and then translate this to XML. l Rules about the information in the message may be added using UML comments and OCL (the object constraint language)

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 37 Input and output message structure

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 38 Service implementation and deployment l Services are programmed using a standard programming language or a workflow language l Services then have to be tested by creating input messages and checking that the output messages produced are as expected l Deployment involves publicising the service using UDDI or in some other way and installing it on a web server. l Current servers provide support for service installation

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 39 A UDDI description l Details of the business providing the service l An informal description of the functionality provided by the service l Information where to find the service’s WSDL specification l Subscription information that allows users to register for service updates l UDDI is very limited in the information that it can maintain about a service. Service functionality is generally expressed in one or two sentences of natural language.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 40 Legacy system services l An important application of services is to provide access to functionality embedded in legacy systems l Legacy systems offer extensive functionality and this can reduce the cost of service implementation l External applications can access this functionality through the service interfaces

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 41 Maintenance support system l A large company maintains an inventory of equipment and an associated maintenance database. This keeps track of maintenance requests for equipment, when maintenance was carried out, etc. and generates daily job lists, costs of maintainance, etc. l New features are to add real-time access to the system from portable terminals l This cannot be done by simply enhancing the existing system

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 42 Legacy system access

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 43 Maintenance services l Maintenance service Manages maintainance jobs l Facilities service Manages the addition and deletion of equipment from the database l Logging service Manages maintenance requests l New system is built on top of these services

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 44 Software development with services l Existing services are composed and configured to create new composite services and applications l The basis for service composition is often a workflow Workflows are logical sequences of activities that, together, model a coherent business process For example, provide a travel reservation services which allows flights, car hire and hotel bookings to be coordinated

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 45 Vacation package workflow

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 46 Construction by composition

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 47 Hotel booking workflow

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 48 Workflow design and implementation l WS-BPEL is an XML-standard for workflow specification. However, WS-BPEL descriptions are long and unreadable. l Graphical workflow notations, such as BPMN, are more readable and WS-BPEL can be generated from them. l In inter-organisational systems, separate workflows are created for each organisation and linked through message exchange.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 49 Interacting workflows

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 50 Service testing l Testing is intended to find defects and demonstrate that a system meets its functional and non- functional requirements. l Service testing is difficult as (external) services are ‘black-boxes’. Testing techniques that rely on the program source code cannot be used.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 51 Service testing problems l External services may be modified by the service provider thus invalidating tests which have been completed. l Dynamic binding means that the service used in an application may vary - the application tests are not, therefore, reliable. l The non-functional behaviour of the service is unpredictable because it depends on load. l If services have to be paid for as used, testing a service may be expensive. l It may be difficult to invoke compensating actions in external services as these may rely on the failure of other services which cannot be simulated.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 52 Service modification l A service is under the control of the service provider who may change this as they wish l While you would expect the interface to be maintained, the non-functional characteristics of a service may change thus changing the non- functional characteristics of an application using the service l If the service behaviour changes, how can a service user get to the previous version of the service.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 53 Dynamic binding l Different versions of the ‘same’ service which an application may bind to may: Have different non-functional characteristics Have different bugs l Binding to different services may therefore have different results l A ‘successful’ test may not be replicatable as the service used may disappear

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 54 Behaviour under load l If a service is tested at some time A, it may perform satisfactorily because few other users are using it at that time l At some later time, when it is more heavily loaded, its behaviour may not be acceptable l The load behaviour of the service is outside the control of the service client

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 55 Service payment l If a service provider expects to be paid for a service then: There may be a significant cost in testing a service and that cost may not be justifiable if the tests suggest that the service does not meet the requirements If the service provider allows free access for testing, they may limit this so that the load on the service does not degrade the performance for other users

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 56 Compensating actions l Compensating actions occur when there is a need to reverse some previous action e.g. cancel a flight booking because a hotel is unavailable l However, the conditions where these actions occur is not under the control of the application - therefore, it may be difficult to simulate failure in other to ensure that the compensating actions are invoked.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 57 Key points l Service-oriented software engineering is based on the notion that programs can be constructed by composing independent services which encapsulate reusable functionality. l Service interfaces are defined in WSDL. A WSDL specification includes a definition of the interface types and operations, the binding protocol used by the service and the service location. l Services may be classified as utility services, business services or coordination services. l The service engineering process involves identifying candidate services for implementation, defining the service interface and implementing, testing and deploying the service.

©Ian Sommerville 2006MSc module: Advanced Software Engineering Slide 58 Key points Service interfaces may be defined for legacy software systems which may then be reused in other applications. Software development using services involves creating programs by composing and configuring services to create new composite services. Business process models define the activities and information exchange in business processes. Activities in the business process may be implemented by services so the business process model represents a service composition. Techniques of software testing based on source-code analysis cannot be used in service-oriented systems that rely on externally provided services.