Hope for America’s Schools: Lessons for Ohio Columbus Metropolitan Club KidsOhio Education Trust, May 2006

First, some good news. After more than a decade of fairly flat achievement and stagnant or growing gaps, we appear to be turning the corner.

NAEP Reading, 9 Year-Olds: Record Performance for All Groups

African American-White Gap Narrows to Smallest Size in History NAEP Reading, 9 Year-Olds

Latino-White Gap Narrows to Smallest Size in History NAEP Reading, 9 Year-Olds

NAEP Math, 9 Year-Olds: Record Performance for All Groups

African American-White Gap Narrows to Smallest Size in History NAEP Math, 9 Year-Olds

Latino-White Gap Narrows to Smallest Size in History NAEP Math, 9 Year-Olds

Bottom Line: When We Really Focus on Something, We Make Progress

Clearly, much more remains to be done in elementary and middle school Too many youngsters still enter high school way behind.

But at least we have some traction on these problems.

The Same is NOT True of High School

High School Achievement: Math and Science: NAEP Long-Term Trends Source: NAEP 1999 Trends in Academic Progress.

HIGH SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT: READING AND WRITING NAEP Long-Term Trends

Gaps between groups wider today than in 1990

NAEP Reading, 17 Year-Olds 21 29

NAEP Math, 17 Year-Olds 20 28

Over past decade: Students entered high school a little stronger, but high schools added less value than before

Hormones?

Students in Other Countries Gain More in Secondary School TIMSS

PISA

US 15 Year-Olds Rank Near Middle Of The Pack Among 32 Participating Countries: 1999

2003: U.S. Ranked 24 th out of 29 OECD Countries in Mathematics Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), PISA 2003 Results, data available at

Problems are not limited to our high-poverty and high-minority schools...

U.S. Ranks Low in the Percent of Students in the Highest Achievement Level (Level 6) in Math Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), PISA 2003 Results, data available at

U.S. Ranks 23 rd out of 29 OECD Countries in the Math Achievement of the Highest- Performing Students* * Students at the 95 th Percentile Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), PISA 2003 Results, data available at

U.S. Ranks 23 rd out of 29 OECD Countries in the Math Achievement of High-SES Students Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), PISA 2003 Results, data available at

Problems not limited to math, either.

2003 PISA Problem-Solving Results: US #23 Source: OECD, PISA. Problem Solving for Today’s World. 2004

55% of our 15 year olds at problem-solving level 1 or below. Closest other country? LATVIA Source: OECD Problem Solving for Tomorrow’s World. 2004

One measure on which we rank high? Inequality!

Source: OECD, Knowledge and Skills for Life: First Results From PISA 2000, *Of 27 OECD countries Performance Of U.S. 15 Year-Olds Highly Variable

These gaps begin before children arrive at the schoolhouse door. But, rather than organizing our educational system to ameliorate this problem, we organize it to exacerbate the problem.

How? By giving students who arrive with less, less in school, too.

Some of these “lesses” are a result of choices that policymakers make.

Nation: Inequities in State and Local Revenue Per Student Gap High Poverty vs. Low Poverty Districts -$907 per student High Minority vs. Low Minority Districts -$614 per student Source: The Funding Gap, 2004, by Kevin Carey. Data are for 2002

But some of the “lesses” –indeed, perhaps the most devastating ones— are a function of choices that educators make.

Choices we make about what to expect of whom…

Source: Prospects (ABT Associates, 1993), in “Prospects: Final Report on Student Outcomes”, PES, DOE, Students in Poor Schools Receive ‘A’s for Work That Would Earn ‘Cs’ in Affluent Schools

Choices we make about what to teach whom…

Source: CCSSO, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education, 2001 Fewer Latino students are enrolled in Algebra 2

And choices we make about Who teaches whom…

Math and Science Classes of Mostly Minority Students Are More Often Taught by Misassigned Teachers Source: Jeannie Oakes. Multiplying Inequalities: The Effects of Race, Social Class, and Tracking on Opportunities to Learn Mathematics and Science (Rand: 1990)

Poor and Minority Students Get More Inexperienced* Teachers *Teachers with 3 or fewer years of experience. “High” and “low” refer to top and bottom quartiles. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, “Monitoring Quality: An Indicators Report,” December 2000.

Results are devastating. Kids who come in a little behind, leave a lot behind.

By the end of high school?

African American and Latino 17 Year-Olds Do Math at Same Levels As White 13 Year-Olds

African American and Latino 17 Year-Olds Read at Same Levels As White 13 Year-Olds

And these are the students who remain in high school. These same patterns play out in high school completion, college entry and college completion.

So What Can We Do?

Many people have concluded that we can’t do much.

What We Hear Adults Say: They’re poor; Their parents don’t care; They come to schools without breakfast; Not enough books Not enough parents...

But if they are right, why are low- income students and students of color performing so high in some schools…

Centennial Place Elementary School Atlanta, Georgia 92% African American 64% Low-Income Performed in the top 2% of Georgia schools in 4 th grade reading in 2003 Performed in top 7 % of Georgia schools in 4 th grade math in 2003 Source: Georgia Department of Education, Dispelling the Myth Online, School Information Partnership,

High Achievement at Centennial Place 2004 Reading Composite Source: Georgia Department of Education,

Elmont Memorial Junior-Senior High Elmont, New York 75% African American 12% Latino 11% Asian/Pacific Islander/American Ind. 3% White Source:

Elmont Memorial High Achievement in Mathematics Source:

Elmont Memorial High Achievement in English Source:

University Park High School Worcester, MA Grades 7-12; 70+% poverty; 50% ELL; Most students enter at least two grade levels behind.

University Park Results: % of 10 th graders passed MA high school exit exam on first attempt. 87% passed at advanced or proficient level. Fifth most successful school in the state, surpassing many schools serving wealthy students.

Not just individual schools. Similar differences among districts, even whole states. Big differences in how “same” group of students performs in different districts, states.

OHIO?

NAEP 2005 Grade 4 Reading, Overall Scale Scores Source: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer,

NAEP 2005 Grade 4 Reading, African American Scale Scores Source: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer,

NAEP 2005 Grade 4 Math, Overall Scale Scores Source: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer,

NAEP 2005 Grade 4 Math, African American Scale Scores Source: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer,

NAEP 2005 Grade 8 Reading, Overall Scale Scores Source: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer,

NAEP 2005 Grade 8 Reading, African American Scale Scores Source: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer,

NAEP 2005 Grade 8 Math, Overall Scale Scores Source: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer,

NAEP 2005 Grade 8 Math, African American Scale Scores Source: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer,

Ohio Urban Districts? More growth than state as a whole; some shining examples of school success, including two “Schools of Distinction” right here in Columbus. But still far too many students way behind.

How can we move further, faster? Three places to focus.

#1. Make sure that all students are in a demanding high school core curriculum.

Single biggest predictor post-high school success is QUALITY AND INTENSITY OF HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM Cliff Adelman, Answers in the Tool Box, U.S. Department of Education.

College prep curriculum has benefits far beyond college.

Students of all sorts will learn more...

Source: USDOE, NCES, Vocational Education in the United States: Toward the Year 2000, in Issue Brief: Students Who Prepare for College and Vocation *Grade 8-grade 12 test score gains based on 8th grade achievement. Low Quartile Students Gain More From College Prep Courses*

They will also fail less often...

Challenging Curriculum Results in Lower Failure Rates, Even for Lowest Achievers Source: SREB, “Middle Grades to High School: Mending a Weak Link”. Unpublished Draft, Ninth-grade English performance, by high/low level course, and eighth-grade reading achievement quartiles

And they’ll be better prepared for the workplace.

Leading districts, states making college prep the default curriculum. Texas, Indiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Michigan, South Dakota.

#2. Make certain that teachers have clear, coherent curriculum.

Students can do no better than the assignments they are given...

Grade 10 Writing Assignment A frequent theme in literature is the conflict between the individual and society. From literature you have read, select a character who struggled with society. In a well-developed essay, identify the character and explain why this character’s conflict with society is important.

Grade 10 Writing Assignment Write a composition of at least 4 paragraphs on Martin Luther King’s most important contribution to this society. Illustrate your work with a neat cover page. Neatness counts.

High Performing Schools and Districts Have clear and specific goals for what students should learn in every grade, including the order in which they should learn it; Provide teachers with common curriculum, assignments; Assess students every 4-8 weeks to measure progress; ACT immediately on the results of those assessments.

#3. Get strong teachers to the students who need them the most.

Good teachers matter a lot. But some groups of kids don’t get their fair share of quality teachers.

Classes in High Poverty High Schools More Often Taught by Misassigned* Teachers *Teachers who lack a major or minor in the field Source: National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future, What Matters Most: Teaching for America’s Future (p.16) 1996.

Math and Science Classes of Mostly Minority Students Are More Often Taught by Misassigned Teachers Source: Jeannie Oakes. Multiplying Inequalities: The Effects of Race, Social Class, and Tracking on Opportunities to Learn Mathematics and Science (Rand: 1990)

Poor and Minority Students Get More Inexperienced* Teachers *Teachers with 3 or fewer years of experience. “High” and “low” refer to top and bottom quartiles. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, “Monitoring Quality: An Indicators Report,” December 2000.

True, some of these differences occur between poor and rich school districts. But there are big differences within school districts, as well.

A Tale of Two Schools Granada Hills High School Los Angeles Unified 32% Latino & African American 27% of students receive free or reduced price lunch Academic Performance Index = 773 Locke High School Los Angeles Unified 99% Latino & African American 66% of students receive free or reduced price lunch Academic Performance Index = 440 Source: CA Department of Education, data

In accordance with district and state practice, both schools report the same average teacher salary.

The average teacher at Locke High School gets paid about $8,034 less every year than his counterpart at Granada Hills High School. If Locke spent as much as Granada Hills on teacher salaries for its 119 teachers, the school budget would increase by nearly a million dollars ($956,056) every year.

This HAS to change. If we had the courage and creativity to change current patterns?

“By our estimates from Texas schools, having an above average teacher for five years running can completely close the average gap between low- income students and others.” John Kain and Eric Hanushek

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