1 International Marine and Offshore Engineering Conference Use of Solar Energy as an Application of Renewable Energy on board Ferries between Saudi Arabia and Egypt BY: Eng. Faisal Mohammed Al Jarboa B.SC. (ENG.) Authors: Faisal M. I. Al Jarboa 1 and Mohamed M. El Gohary 2,3 1 Saudi Ports Authority - General Directorate of Marine Affairs 2 Maritime studies collage, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia Kingdom 3 Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt

2 Main points 2 IntroductionRenewable energy sources Solar energy power plant Case study Photovoltaic application in case study Conclusions

3 Introduction Over the last 25 years, there has been increasing public concern over the nature and composition of the combustion by-products that are emitted from engine exhaust gases. The greatest attention was given to petrol engines because in their original form, these engines, excluding smoke or particulates, produced significantly higher emissions than diesel engines. 3

4 Fossil fuel emissions Carbon dioxide [CO 2 ] Carbon monoxide [Co] Oxides of nitrogen [NO X ] Sulphur Oxides [SO X ]

IMO Regulations The main regulations of IMO includes reduction in sulphur oxide (SO x ), nitrogen oxide (NO x ), CO, CO 2 emissions from ships. Progressive reductions in nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions from marine engines were also agreed, with the most stringent controls on so-called "Tier III" engines, i.e. those installed on ships constructed on or after 1 January 2016, operating in Emission control Areas. 5 Sulphur limits in fuel (%)Date of limit application GlobalSECA by June by July or 2025

6 Renewable energy sources Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable. Renewable energy sources include: 1.Solar energy 2.Wind power 3.Ocean Energy ( Tidal Power, Wave Power, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, Hydropower ) 4.Bio fuel (Liquid bio fuel, Solid biomass, Biogas ) 5.Geothermal energy

7 Solar energy The majority of renewable energy technologies are powered by the sun which can be called solar energy. Economics are crucial to the success of any new energy utilization system, and solar energy technologies are no exception. At present, development of such technologies is in the stage in which prices are still coming down rapidly.

8 Solar energy applications Solar energy can be applied in many ways, including to: Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells.solar cells Generate electricity using concentrating solar power and solar towers.concentrating solar power Generate hydrogen using photoelectrochemical cells.hydrogenphotoelectrochemical cells Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space heating needs using solar-thermal panels.solar-thermal panels Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar building design.passive solar building design Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens.solar ovens Solar air conditioning

9 Types of solar energy Photovoltaic energy (PV) Crystalline silicon Thin film Concentrators Thermal Solar energy

10 Photovoltaic energy (PV) Photovoltaic cell

11 Types of Photovoltaic energy (PV) Crystalline silicon Crystalline silicon cells are quite widely used in most solar power plants. These types of cells contain two layers, positive layer and negative layer just like in most semiconductors. Positive layer exist on the top side whereas negative layer exists on button. Electric field is created within these layers.

12 Crystalline silicon PV

13 Thin film The percent of the photovoltaic products is the thin film cells is 12 %, which are typically used in low power (lower than 50 W) and consumer electronics applications. The materials used are all strong light absorbers and only need to be about 1 micron thick. Thin films are potentially cheaper than crystalline silicon because of their lower materials costs and larger size.

14 Thin film

15 Concentrators In concentrator cells light is concentrated using lens to fall on solar cells to produce maximum energy as possible. By using concentrator cells lights intensity is increase by targeting on certain area, which in result increases electricity production. Most of concentrator cells produced these days are made up of crystalline silicon material.

16 Concentrators

17 Solar thermal electric power plants The second type of solar energy is solar thermal energy. Solar energy can be focused on a heat exchanger, and converted in a heat engine to produce electric power or applied to other industrial processes. Solar collectors are the heart of most solar energy systems. The idea of the thermal collector is that dark surface is exposed to solar radiation to absorbs the sun's radiation falling on it and transfer it into another fluid.

18 Solar thermal electric power plants

19 Main types of solar collector Flat-plate collectors Coated collectors Evacuated-tube collectors

20 Case study specifications

21 Technical specifications of Riyadh catamaran ferry ship Length overall88.0 meters Length (waterline)77.3 meters Beam (moulded)24.0 meters Hull depth (moulded)8.25 meters Hull draft (maximum)4.3 meters Passengers1,200 Crew18 Vehicles120 cars Maximum deadweight555 tonnes Main engines4 x MTU 20V 8000 M71R 4 x 7,200 1,150 rpm Speed34 knot Generators4 * RPM ClassificationGermanischer Lloyd with HSC Code Fuel160,000 liters

22 Using solar photovoltaic on board Riyadh catamaran ferry ship

23 Sun Power crystalline silicon 300 W Solar Panel Electrical data for 300 watt panel

Photovoltaic Panel Performance 24 Current voltage characteristics for PV panels

From the case study bridge deck the available area presented in yellow color is m 2 as shown in the following Figure and assuming the solar radiation in red sea is 1000 W/m 2. Therefore, from 300 solar panel specifications; peak power per unit area is 184 watt/unit area. 25 Available ship area at Bridge deck

26 Different Photo voltaic systems efficiencies at different years

27 Annually generators fuel consumption

28 Annually fuel saving at different number of trips per week

29 Reduced emissions and fuel consumption using photovoltaic energy

30 YearArea available [m 2 ] PV Power [kW] PV cost [$/watt] Annually Cost saving [$/year] , ,600 PV System Summary

31 Conclusions Conclusions For available ship area 1288 m 2, the PV systems gives kW. This will save 303 ton/year in diesel generators fuel consumption. For the same area, it will give 298 kW in 2015.

32 Conclusions Conclusions Applying solar energy system has a lot of advantages which include reducing fuel consumption for ships, reducing the pollutant emissions which goes out into the atmosphere, and saving the running costs. The use of solar collectors reduce the SO x, NO x,and CO 2 emissions by 48 % for generators emissions which is the gain of the current study. 32

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