Copyright & Distance Education Paul D. Callister, JD, MSLIS Director of the Leon E. Bloch Law Library & Associate Professor of Law © 2010, Paul D. Callister. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 2.5 License. Attribution and licensing information for images and sound effects follow this presentation.

THE FOLLOWING PRESENTATION IS FOR DISCUSIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS OR REPLACE THE NEED FOR OBTAINING LEGAL ADVICE. YOU SHOULD CONSULT AN ATTORNEY.

Basic Framework LicensingLicensing CopyrightCopyright DMCADMCA ©

The Basic Flow Chart

? Is Use Prohibited under a License? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention? StopStop Color Key LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo GetPermission?GetPermission? Is Prohibition Enforceable? Enforceable? OrphanWork?OrphanWork? GetPermission?GetPermission? GoGo ? ??? ? ? ?? ? DMCAException?DMCAException?

Is Use Prohibited under a License? Can we post content from BNA service to distance education course management site or digital reserves? From BNA Customer Agreement

Is Use Prohibited under a License? Can we post content from BNA service to distance education course management site or digital reserves? From BNA User Agreement (incorporated by reference)

? Is Use Prohibited under a License? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention? StopStop Color Key LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo GetPermission?GetPermission? Is Prohibition Enforceable? Enforceable? OrphanWork?OrphanWork? GetPermission?GetPermission? GoGo ? ??? ? ? ?? ? DMCAException?DMCAException?

Enforceable? Enforceable? Can you “contract away” privileges given to users by Copyright law?

Is Prohibition Enforceable? Enforceable? Quote from dissent from another circuit. Dissent criticized this interpretation. Holding may be limited to reverse engineering. Holding may be limited to reverse engineering. What about non-software situations? What about non-software situations? Does it apply to traditional fair use? Does it apply to traditional fair use? What if work were in public domain or not copyrightable? What if work were in public domain or not copyrightable? Applicable to Missouri

? Is Use Prohibited under a License? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention? StopStop Color Key LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo GetPermission?GetPermission? Is Prohibition Enforceable? Enforceable? OrphanWork?OrphanWork? GetPermission?GetPermission? GoGo ? ??? ? ? ?? ? DMCAException?DMCAException?

CopyrightCopyright § 106 Exclusive Rights in Copyrighted Works Subject to sections 107 through 122 through, the owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following: (1) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords; (1) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords; (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work; (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work; (3) to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending; (3) to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending; A "derivative work" is a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. 17 USC § 101

CopyrightCopyright § 106 Exclusive Rights in Copyrighted Works (4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly; (4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly; (5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted work publicly; and (5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted work publicly; and (6) in the case of sound recordings, to perform the copyrighted work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission. (6) in the case of sound recordings, to perform the copyrighted work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission. “in a digital or other non-analog format.” 17 USCS § 101

Photo of “floating babies” not reproduced for online posting. See Gentieu v. Muller & Co., 712 F.Supp 740 (W.D. Mo. 1989) (“not expanded on idea of photograph,... Limited to copying... her work”); Getty. Gentieu v. Tony Stone Images/Chicago Inc. et al, 255 F. Supp. 2d 838 (N.D. Ill, 2003); Photo Lawyer, Gentieu Litigation Shows Brute Force of the Courts, Feb 28, 2007, at 7/02/gentieu_litigat.html 7/02/gentieu_litigat.html 7/02/gentieu_litigat.html Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? 1991 Umbrella Project (Japan) Has to be fixed in a tangible medium of expressionHas to be fixed in a tangible medium of expression Expression not the ideaExpression not the idea Originality (as in being the originator) and modicum of creativity, not novelty (don’t have to be first)Originality (as in being the originator) and modicum of creativity, not novelty (don’t have to be first) See Hearn v. Meyer, 644 F.Supp. 832 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (Reproduction of Reproduction: Mere insignificant variations in coloration not alleged to be created intentionally, “mere slavish copies” )…. Copyrightable? W.W. Denslow, Wizard of Oz

Source: Peter B. Hirtle, Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States, 1 January 2010, available at ources/publicdomain.cfm. Licensed under Creative Commons License 3.0 at ources/publicdomain.cfm ources/publicdomain.cfm by-nc/3.0/ by-nc/3.0/. by-nc/3.0/ 15 Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain?

? Is Use Prohibited under a License? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention? StopStop Color Key LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo GetPermission?GetPermission? Is Prohibition Enforceable? Enforceable? OrphanWork?OrphanWork? GetPermission?GetPermission? GoGo ? ??? ? ? ?? ? DMCAException?DMCAException?

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? § 110 & the TEACH Act (1) performance or display of a work by instructors or pupils in the course of face-to- face teaching activities of a nonprofit educational institution, in a classroom or similar place devoted to instruction, (1) performance or display of a work by instructors or pupils in the course of face-to- face teaching activities of a nonprofit educational institution, in a classroom or similar place devoted to instruction, unless, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, the performance, or the display of individual images, is given by means of a copy that was not lawfully made under this title, and that the person responsible for the performance knew or had reason to believe was not lawfully made; In the classroom – Section (1) [Non TEACH ACT] The following are not infringements of copyright:

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? § 110 & the TEACH Act (2)... the performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work (2)... the performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work Over a Network – Section (2) [TEACH ACT] OR reasonable and limited portions of any other work, OR display of a work in an amount comparable to that which is typically displayed in the course of a live classroom session,... The following are not infringements of copyright: Fundamentally there seem to be but two essential elements for a dramatic composition: (1) that it relate a story, and (2) that it provide directions whereby a substantial portion of the story may be visually or audibly represented to an audience as actually occurring, rather than merely being narrated or described. 1-2 Nimmer on Copyright § Nimmer on Copyright § Nimmer on Copyright § 2.06 The key is “actually occurring” dialog!

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? § 110 & the TEACH Act (A) the performance or display is made by, at the direction of, or under the actual supervision of an instructor as an integral part of a class session offered as a regular part of the systematic mediated instructional activities of a governmental body or an accredited nonprofit educational institution; Over a Network – Section (2) [TEACH ACT] The following are not infringements of copyright: (B) the performance or display is directly related and of material assistance to the teaching content of the transmission;

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? § 110 & the TEACH Act (C) the transmission is made solely for, and, to the extent technologically feasible, the reception of such transmission is limited to-- (i) students officially enrolled in the course for which the transmission is made; or Over a Network – Section (2) [TEACH ACT] (ii) officers or employees of governmental bodies as a part of their official duties or employment; and (ii) officers or employees of governmental bodies as a part of their official duties or employment; and

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? § 110 & the TEACH Act (D) the transmitting body or institution -- (i) institutes policies regarding copyright, provides informational materials to faculty, students, and relevant staff members that accurately describe, and promote compliance with, the laws of the United States relating to copyright, Over a Network – Section (2) [TEACH ACT] and provides notice to students that materials used in connection with the course may be subject to copyright protection; and

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? § 110 & the TEACH Act (ii) in the case of digital transmissions – (ii) in the case of digital transmissions – (I) applies technological measures that reasonably prevent-- (aa) retention of the work in accessible form by recipients of the transmission from the transmitting body or institution for longer than the class session; and (I) applies technological measures that reasonably prevent-- (aa) retention of the work in accessible form by recipients of the transmission from the transmitting body or institution for longer than the class session; and Over a Network – Section (2) [TEACH ACT] (bb) unauthorized further dissemination of the work in accessible form by such recipients to others; and (bb) unauthorized further dissemination of the work in accessible form by such recipients to others; and (II) does not engage in conduct that could reasonably be expected to interfere with technological measures used by copyright owners to prevent such retention or unauthorized further dissemination; (II) does not engage in conduct that could reasonably be expected to interfere with technological measures used by copyright owners to prevent such retention or unauthorized further dissemination;

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? § 112(f) & the TEACH Act (1)... it is not an infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit educational institution entitled under section 110(2) (1)... it is not an infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit educational institution entitled under section 110(2) to transmit a performance or displayto transmit a performance or display to make copies or phonorecordsto make copies or phonorecords of a work that is in digital form and, solely to the extent permitted in paragraph (2), of a work that is in analog form, embodying the performance or display to be used for making transmissions authorized under section 110(2), if- -and, solely to the extent permitted in paragraph (2), of a work that is in analog form, embodying the performance or display to be used for making transmissions authorized under section 110(2), if- - Transitions and Copies of Digital Works – Paragraph (f)(1)

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? § 112(f) & the TEACH Act and, solely to the extent permitted in paragraph (2), of a work that is in analog form, embodying the performance or display to be used for making transmissions authorized under section 110(2), if-- (A) such copies or phonorecords are retained and used solely by the body or institution that made them, and no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from them, except as authorized under section 110(2); and (A) such copies or phonorecords are retained and used solely by the body or institution that made them, and no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from them, except as authorized under section 110(2); and (B) such copies or phonorecords are used solely for transmissions authorized under section 110(2). (B) such copies or phonorecords are used solely for transmissions authorized under section 110(2). Transitions and Copies of Digital Works – Paragraph (f)(1) [continued]

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? § 112(f) & the TEACH Act (2) This subsection does not authorize the conversion of print or other analog versions of works into digital formats, except that such conversion is permitted hereunder, only with respect to the amount of such works authorized to be performed or displayed under section 110(2) [17 USCS § 110(2)], if-- (2) This subsection does not authorize the conversion of print or other analog versions of works into digital formats, except that such conversion is permitted hereunder, only with respect to the amount of such works authorized to be performed or displayed under section 110(2) [17 USCS § 110(2)], if-- Transitions and Copies of Digital Works – Paragraph (f)(1) [continued] (A) no digital version of the work is available to the institution; or (A) no digital version of the work is available to the institution; or (B) the digital version of the work that is availableto the institution is subject to technological protection measures that prevent its use for section 110(2). (B) the digital version of the work that is available to the institution is subject to technological protection measures that prevent its use for section 110(2).

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act Problem: Recording Stagecoach For example, if a history professor teaching a digital distance course on the development of the American West wished to show the John Wayne movie Stagecoach to her class, she would face several issues. Steven A. Armatas, Distance Learning and Copyright: A Guide to Legal Issues, p. 441 (ABA 2008) Photos omitted in online version.

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act Problem: Recording Stagecoach First, the professor could not legally digitize [a] VHS version to use unless, pursuant to the TEACH Act, "no digital version of the work was available to the institution." What does this mean? To what lengths must the professor go to obtain the digital version? What if the local Blockbuster outlet does not have it?What if the local Blockbuster outlet does not have it? Must she visit every video store in town?Must she visit every video store in town? If that fails, does she have to order it from a distributor or movie studio?If that fails, does she have to order it from a distributor or movie studio? Steven A. Armatas, Distance Learning and Copyright: A Guide to Legal Issues, p. 441 (ABA 2008)

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act Problem: Recording Stagecoach What if Stagecoach had never been released on DVD... ? Our instructor could then use an analog copy (i.e., the videocassette version) and digitize it to show her class. However, she would be permitted to digitize only the reasonable and limited portion thereof she was allowed to transmit to her students. Steven A. Armatas, Distance Learning and Copyright: A Guide to Legal Issues, p. 441 (ABA 2008)

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act Problem: Recording Stagecoach More problematic for the professor is what happens when the analog version is also copyright-protected, such as by the use of "Macrovision [ACP]?" How can she make the necessary duplicate without violating the TEACH Act's prohibition on interfering with technological protective measures? Steven A. Armatas, Distance Learning and Copyright: A Guide to Legal Issues, p. 441 (ABA 2008) Anatomy of a Murder © 1959

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? 30 Fair Use 17 U.S. Code § 107 The fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies... for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include –

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? 31 Fair Use (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; The central purpose of this inquiry is to determine whether and to what extent the new work is "transformative." Campbell, 510 U.S. at 579. A work is "transformative" when the new work does not "merely supersede the objects of the original creation" but rather "adds something new, with a further purpose or different character, altering the first with new expression, meaning, or message." Id. Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146, 1164 (9th Cir. Cal. 2007) (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? 32 Fair Use (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? TEACH Act, Library, or Fair Use Exception ? 33 Fair Use, University Regulations & the Guidelines for Classroom Copying

? Is Use Prohibited under a License? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention? StopStop Color Key LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo GetPermission?GetPermission? Is Prohibition Enforceable? Enforceable? OrphanWork?OrphanWork? GetPermission?GetPermission? GoGo ? ??? ? ? ?? ? DMCAException?DMCAException?

DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention?

DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention?

DeCSS DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention?

(a)(1)(A) No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title. (2) No person shall manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that-- (2) No person shall manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that-- (A) is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title.... (A) is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title.... (3) As used in this subsection-- (3) As used in this subsection-- (A) to "circumvent a technological measure" means to descramble a scrambled work, to decrypt an encrypted work, or otherwise to avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, or impair a technological measure, without the authority of the copyright owner.... (A) to "circumvent a technological measure" means to descramble a scrambled work, to decrypt an encrypted work, or otherwise to avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, or impair a technological measure, without the authority of the copyright owner.... DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention? 17 U.S. Code § 1201 – Circumvention

DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention?

? Is Use Prohibited under a License? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention? StopStop Color Key LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo GetPermission?GetPermission? Is Prohibition Enforceable? Enforceable? OrphanWork?OrphanWork? GetPermission?GetPermission? GoGo ? ??? ? ? ?? ? DMCAException?DMCAException?

DMCAException?DMCAException? /75fr43825.pdf applies to professors at colleges an universities (and only higher education)applies to professors at colleges an universities (and only higher education) applies to students, but only film and media studiesapplies to students, but only film and media studies short portions only (no definition given)short portions only (no definition given) a new work must be created (eithera new work must be created (either Compilation of clipsCompilation of clips Video incorporating clipsVideo incorporating clips Clips from a copyrighted motion pictureClips from a copyrighted motion picture the person engaging in the circumvention must reasonably believethe person engaging in the circumvention must reasonably believe circumvention is necessary to fulfill purpose of use (criticism and comment)circumvention is necessary to fulfill purpose of use (criticism and comment) high quality (i.e., digital) copy ishigh quality (i.e., digital) copy is a lower-resolution copy (such as a screen capture) is not an effective alternativea lower-resolution copy (such as a screen capture) is not an effective alternative only applies to motion pictures and not other audio visual works such as video games and slide presentations.only applies to motion pictures and not other audio visual works such as video games and slide presentations Copyright Office Triennial Exceptions:

? Is Use Prohibited under a License? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention? StopStop Color Key LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo GetPermission?GetPermission? Is Prohibition Enforceable? Enforceable? OrphanWork?OrphanWork? GetPermission?GetPermission? GoGo ? ??? ? ? ?? ? DMCAException?DMCAException?

Orphan works From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search navigationsearchnavigationsearch An orphan work is a copyright work where it is difficult or impossible to contact the copyright holder. This situation can arise for many reasons. The author could have never been publicly known because the work was published anonymously or the work may have never been traditionally published at all. The identity of the author could have been once known but the information lost over time. Even if the author is known, it may not be possible to determine who inherited the copyright and presently owns it. Nearly any work where a reasonable effort to locate the current copyright owner fails can be considered orphaned. However the designation is often used loosely and in some jurisdictions there is no legal definition at all. copyright holdercopyright holder 43 OrphanWork?OrphanWork?

44 OrphanWork?OrphanWork?

? Is Use Prohibited under a License? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Fair Use, Teach Act, or Library Exemption? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? Copyrightable Copyrightable & not in Public Domain? DMCACircumvention?DMCACircumvention? StopStop Color Key LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo LicenseCopyrightDMCAYesNo GetPermission?GetPermission? Is Prohibition Enforceable? Enforceable? OrphanWork?OrphanWork? GetPermission?GetPermission? GoGo ? ??? ? ? ?? ? DMCAException?DMCAException?

Copyright & Distance Education Resources AALL Licensing Principles for Electronic Resources,AALL Licensing Principles for Electronic Resources, rces.pdf rces.pdf ♦♦♦ Stephen A. Armatas, Distance Learning and Copyright: A Guide to Legal Issues (ABA 2008)♦♦♦ Stephen A. Armatas, Distance Learning and Copyright: A Guide to Legal Issues (ABA 2008) ♦♦ Le Beau, UMKC LibGuides: Copyright,♦♦ Le Beau, UMKC LibGuides: Copyright, Copyright Clearance Center,Copyright Clearance Center, Creative Commons Search,Creative Commons Search, Guidelines for Classroom Copying of Books and Periodicals,Guidelines for Classroom Copying of Books and Periodicals, Guidelines for Educational Uses of Music,Guidelines for Educational Uses of Music,

Additional Copyright & Distance Education Resources ♦ United States Copyright Office, Reproduction of Copyrighted Works by Educators and Librarians♦ United States Copyright Office, Reproduction of Copyrighted Works by Educators and Librarians, ♦ University of Missouri System, Collected Rules & Regulations, Use of Copyrighted Materials in Teaching and Research,♦ University of Missouri System, Collected Rules & Regulations, Use of Copyrighted Materials in Teaching and Research, shtml shtml ♦ University of Missouri System, Rules and Resources for Online Intellectual Property,♦ University of Missouri System, Rules and Resources for Online Intellectual Property, ♦♦ University of Texas, Crash Course in Copyright,♦♦ University of Texas, Crash Course in Copyright, Yale University Library, Licensing Digital Information: A Resource for Librarians,Yale University Library, Licensing Digital Information: A Resource for Librarians,

Attributions & Licensing Brian Herzog, Copying a DVD1 Click image to link to source Click license icon for terms Joel Telling, for-rent-sign Book design by Amanda Dewy, © 2007, all rights reserved ATSS Publications Antonio Edward, Musical+notes FunKa-Lerele, Hamlet, Ramon, Ballet Nacio de Cuba Len Radin, Emily as Mime in “Check Please” Rodrigo Müller, make some icon every day #308 Brent Danley, Picture in Picture Travis Nep Smith, Man With a Skull Tattoo Back Christopher Chan, Sculpture by the Sea 2007

Attributions & Licensing Click image to link to source Click license icon for terms Dddeco, 1991 Umbrella Project (Japan) Source: Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia LibraryElectronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library W.W. Denslow, Wizard of Oz (1900) (in public domain) Uniondocs, 6/6 Florida Experimental Film/Video Festival: Spacey Space Bizmac, FBI Anti-Piracy Warning! Juska Wendland, Project 365, day 40 – uwa_studentservices, Mid-year enrolments 2009 Lynda Giddens, Kitchen Timer Scott Witt, electronic safe Okko Pyykkö, Day 174 Colin, blockbuster video Zimperfish, Video cassette Howie Muzika, San Diego Comic- Con 2009 MASQUERADE

Attributions & Licensing Click image to link to source Click license icon for terms Rob Davies, CDs DVDs on White Background Steve Rhodes, Fox News “reporter” – San Francisco Olympic Torch IRRI Images, Irri Library Taran Rampersad, Scale of Justice Based upon book image for Patricia L. Bella, Paul Schiff Berman, & David G. Post Cyberlaw: Problems of Policy and Jurisprudence in the Information Age (2006) Sound Effects Bikebell2.wav, by RoofDog Bikebell2.wav, by RoofDog Bikebell2.wav buzzer1.wav, by (free sounds) buzzer1.wav, by (free sounds)buzzer1.wav MouthPop.wav, by HerbertBoland MouthPop.wav, by HerbertBolandMouthPop.wav bank_stamp_2.wav, by Robinhood76 bank_stamp_2.wav, by Robinhood76bank_stamp_2.wav typewriter.wav, by Horn typewriter.wav, by Horntypewriter.wav

Screenshots and Images Produced by this Author Click image to link to source Screen shot originally taken from web site of backupanydvd.com, which has since changed. Screen shot from web.archive.org (Nov. 5, 2000). Screenshot of iTunes license from PDF document (Aug. 11, 2010). Screen shots from University of Missouri System Collected Rules and Regulations Screenshot from via web.archive.org (Feb. 29, 2000)

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