Gettysburg Address November 1863 Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time, becomes part of national identity. Lincoln speaks for two minutes Follows popular speaker Edward Everett, who speaks for two hours. Both men speak at a dedication of a cemetery for the war dead.

THEME: After several years of seesaw struggle, the Union armies under Ulysses Grant finally wore down the Southern forces under Robert E. Lee and defeated the Confederate bid for independence.

1.Lincoln originally requested that militia volunteer for ______-day enlistments. 2.Lincoln gave command to Gen. _____________ after the initial Union defeats. 3.The bloodiest day of the war, with over 23,000 casualties, was fought at __________. 4.The Emancipation Proclamation liberated slaves in what region? 5.The Battle of Gettysburg was the last time the South did what?

War in the West Grant surprises all, seizing control of western rivers with gunboats, securing Tennessee and Kentucky Shiloh, hotly contested battle for West. Admiral Farragut captures New Orleans for North, moves up Mississippi. Grant’s siege of Vicksburg succeeds, Confederacy is cut in half – Union controls Mississippi, and “Butternut”region. Ends talk of support for South from France and Britain

Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives) Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: War in the West, Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Grant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast, taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864 Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives) The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Atlanta's Depot, 1864 Atlanta's depot in ruins after Sherman's siege of the city in (Library of Congress) Atlanta's Depot, 1864 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Sherman’s March to the Sea Sherman begins “total war” on South Invades Georgia with 60,000 men Targets homes, railways, crops, towns Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta 9/1864 After destroying GA, went into SC GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front. Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight. WAS IT A SUCCESS? It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.

Map: Sherman's March to the Sea Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Sherman's March to the Sea Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman) Sherman's March to the Sea Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady At the war's end, the U.S. flag flew over the state capitol in Richmond, Virginia, which bore many marks of destruction. (National Archives ) American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Bitter End Vallandingham Controversy and the Copperheads Election of 1864: Democrats split into 3 groups – War Democrats, Peace Democrats and Copperheads Republicans and War Dems form the Union Party, McClellan runs on Southern Democratic ticket Lincoln wins: “bayonet votes” and recent victories in war help swing the vote to Lincoln

Title: UNION AND LIBERTY! UNION AND SLAVERY!Year: 1864Creator: M. W. Siebert, New York Description: An anti-McClellan broadside, contrasting Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln's advocacy of equality and free labor in the North to Democratic opponent McClellan's alleged support of the Southern slave system. The comparison is made in two scenes, "Union and Liberty" (left) and "Union and Slavery" (right). In the first, Lincoln shakes the hand of a bearded man wearing a square paper labor cap, while black and white school children issue from a schoolhouse flying the American flag in the background. On the right McClellan, in military uniform, shakes the hand of Confederate president Jefferson Davis, as a slave auction takes place behind them. URL:

e/liho/1864/1864e.htm

The Bitter End Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant Grant grinds down Lee’s army with his 100,000 men “blood and guts” battles at Wilderness (50,000) and Cold Harbor (7,000 in 7 minutes) Grant’s strategy = WAR OF ATTRITION!!! Lee surrenders at Appomatox Courthouse, April 9, 1865 Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865 Lincoln’s death a great loss for the South. Why??

Map: The War in Virginia, Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress) Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Lee with his son after the surrender After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress) Lee with his son after the surrender Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Title: Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre Year: 1865Creator: H.H. Lloyd & Co.

WOMEN & THE WAR “No conflict in history was such a women’s war as the Civil War.” N. Women found the US Sanitary Commission 20,000 N. Women work as nurses Famous women nurses: –Clara Barton (N) (image is Clara Barton) –Dorothea Dix (N) –Sally Tompkins (S) 3 out of 4 S. men serving  increased responsibility and power for S. women, esp. widows

Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady Clean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives) Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS Uncle Tom’s Cabin moves people of England and France to oppose their governments joining the South and breaking the Union blockade/Anaconda Plan. Britain relies on Union grain shipments to off-set shortages (King Corn defeats King Cotton) Trent, Alabama, and Laird Ram crises: these violations of neutrality threaten war with Britain/Canada. Diplomacy succeeds and Britain pays damages. Confederacy has same problems as Articles of Confederation – weak central government Jefferson Davis not popular, threatened w/ impeachment

“After four years of arduous service marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources.” -Robert E. Lee

FINAL ANALYSIS 600,000 dead 1,000,000 wounded 4 million slaves emancipated $15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs) Nullification and Secession now defunct Republican democracy proven viable to world

MEANS TO AN END? During the war Lincoln violated the Constitutional limits on his powers: 1.Initiated blockade w/o advice/consent of Congress 2.Increased size of army w/o advice/consent of Congress 3.Appropriated funds w/o advice/consent of Congress 4.Suspended habeas corpus 5.“supervised” voting in border states (intimidation) 6.Violated freedom of the press Also, the DRAFT: Was it necessary? Just?

Union Prisoner at Salisbury, NC Civil War prison camps were not all deprivation. This illustration shows Union prisoners of war playing baseball. (Library of Congress) Union Prisoner at Salisbury, NC Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Soldiers War--Union infantry camp Union soldiers in camp, posing for a photograph, with black servants. The drudgery of camp life never prohibited soldiers from displaying their individuality. (National Archives) Soldiers War--Union infantry camp Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.