Chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Conceptions of Adolescence  Biological perspective:  puberty  G. Stanley Hall: storm and stress  Social perspective:  Margaret Mead: social and cultural influences  Balanced point of view:  biological, psychological, and social influences © Pressmaster/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Hormonal Changes in Puberty  Growth hormone and thyroxine  Boys:  androgens: testosterone  Girls:  estrogens  adrenal androgens © Goodluz/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence BoysGirls Growth spurt  starts age 12½  starts age 10 Proportions  shoulders broaden  longer legs  hips broaden Muscle–fat makeup  gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency  add more fat Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Sexual Maturation Primary Sexual Characteristics  Maturation of the reproductive organs  Girls: menarche  Boys: spermarche Secondary Sexual Characteristics  Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity  Girls: breasts  Boys: facial hair, voice change  Both: underarm hair Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty  Heredity  Nutrition, exercise  SES  Race/ethnicity  Early family experiences  Secular trends © Samuel Borges Photography/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Adolescent Brain Development Synaptic pruning continues Prefrontal cortex Cognitive advances: attention planning integrating information self-regulation Expansion of synaptic connections, myelination Linkages among cortical regions strengthen Neurotransmitter response changes More sensitive to excitatory messages Increased responsiveness to stress pleasure and novelty Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Sleep Habits in Adolescence  Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later  Lack of sleep impairs executive function:  reduced achievement  increased anxiety, depressed mood  high-risk behaviors Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Reactions to Pubertal Changes Girls Surprise Mixed feelings Preparation, information helpful Ethnic variations Boys Mixed feelings Preparation, information helpful Could benefit from more social support Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Adolescent Moodiness  Linked to more negative life events  Mood swings:  related to daily events  highs in peer settings  lows in adult- structured settings © Susan Stevenson/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Parent–Child Relationships  Rise in conflict:  has adaptive value: psychological distancing  different views of adolescent readiness for responsibility  Most conflict is  mild  balanced by affection, support © Iakov Filimonov/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Consequences of Pubertal Timing GirlsBoys Early Maturing Unpopular, withdrawn, low in confidence Less positive body image More deviant behavior Prone to lasting difficulties Popular Self-confident, independent More positive body image More deviant behavior Late Maturing Popular Sociable, school leaders More positive body image Unpopular Anxiety, depressed mood Less positive body image Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Factors Accounting for Pubertal Timing Effects  Cultural ideals of physical attractiveness  Fitting in with peers’ physical maturity © Dragon Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Nutrition in Adolescence  Calorie needs increase  Poor food choices common:  skipping breakfast  eating fast foods  Family meals associated with healthier diet © artemisphoto/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa  Starve self due to fear of getting fat  Equally common across SES groups  Racial/ethnic variations  Heredity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, parenting style, and personal/cultural factors contribute  Difficult to treat Bulimia nervosa  Strict dieting, excessive exercise, and purging  Heredity, parenting style, and personal/cultural factors contribute  More common and easier to treat than anorexia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Adolescent Sexuality  North American attitudes relatively restrictive:  media and family messages contradictory  consumption of sexualized media poses risks: Internet as “sex educator” © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

U.S. Adolescents Reporting Ever Having Had Sexual Intercourse Figure 11.3 (From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012f.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Personal  Early pubertal timing  Childhood impulsivity  Weak sense of personal control Family  Step-, single-parent, or large family  Little or no religious involvement  Weak parental monitoring, disrupted parent–child communication Peer  Sexually active friends and older siblings  Alcohol, drug use Educational  Poor school performance  Low educational goals Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Adolescent Contraceptive Use  20% of U.S. sexually active teenagers do not use consistently  Reasons:  social environment: lack of meaningful education and work  unrealistic about consequences  sexual exploitation Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Alexey Klementiev/Fotolia

Homosexuality  Impact of heredity:  X-linked  prenatal sex hormones  birth order  Sequence of coming out:  feeling different (ages 6–12)  confusion (ages 11–15)  self-acceptance (end of adolescence) © Pressmaster/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Adolescents and STDs  STD rates highest in adolescence:  especially high in United States  1 out of 5 to 6 sexually active teens affected  AIDS most serious:  manifests 8–10 years later  often infected during adolescence  Females more easily infected  STD education improving Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Statistics  About 727,000 teen pregnancies in most recently reported year  12,000 younger than age 15  1 in 4 end in abortion  87% of births to unwed mothers Figure 11.4 (From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011c.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Factors Contributing to Adolescent Parenthood  Low parental warmth, abuse  Repeated parental divorce  Poor school achievement  Alcohol, drug use  Antisocial behavior  Low SES © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Risks for Teenage Mothers and Babies  Low educational attainment  More time as single parent  Economic difficulties  Pregnancy and birth complications  Weak parenting skills © travis manley/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Teen Pregnancy Prevention and Intervention Prevention Strategies  Better sex education  Skills for handling sexual situations  Information and access to contraceptives  Academic and social competence  School involvement Intervention Strategies  Health care  Help staying in school  Job and life- management training  Parenting instruction  Adult mentors  Affordable child care  Father support Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

U.S. Adolescent Substance Use  Have tried, by grade 10:  cigarettes—33%  alcohol—58%  illegal drugs—37%  By end of high school:  11% smoke regularly  27% report recent heavy drinking  25% have used highly addictive drugs Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © Elena Rostunova/Shutterstock

Substance Use versus Abuse Experimenters  Psychologically healthy  Sociable  Sensation-seeking Abusers  Low SES  Family mental health problems, substance abuse  Child abuse  Impulsivity, hostility  Drug-taking starts earlier Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Prevention and Treatment  Good school programs  promote effective parenting  teach skills to resist peer pressure  reduce social acceptability of drugs  Interventions to prevent harm  Family and individual therapy © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational Stage  Hypothetico-deductive reasoning:  problem solving based on a hypothesis, deducing logical, testable inferences  pendulum problem  Propositional thought:  evaluating the logic of verbal propositions without using real-world circumstances Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Piaget’s Pendulum Problem Figure 11.5 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Follow-Up Research on Formal Operational Thought  School-age children show beginnings of formal operational thought  Adolescents are considerably more competent:  reason about more variables simultaneously  grasp logical necessity  Formal operations may not be universal:  training and context contribute  schooling is powerfully influential Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Gains in Information Processing: Executive Function  Attention  Inhibition  Strategies  Knowledge  Metacognition  Cognitive self-regulation  Speed of thinking  Processing capacity © arek malang/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Scientific Reasoning  Coordinating theory with evidence  Contributing factors:  working memory capacity  exposure to complex problems  metacognitive understanding  open-mindedness  Adolescents and adults vary widely Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Scientific Reasoning Task Figure 11.6 (Adapted from Kuhn, Amsel, & O’Loughlin, 1988.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes  Self-consciousness and self-focusing:  imaginary audience  personal fable  Idealism and criticism  Decision making:  influenced by immediate reward  fall back on well-learned, intuitive judgments © CREATISTA/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

School Transitions in Adolescence  Grades decline with each transition:  higher academic standards  less supportive teaching– learning environment  Drop in self-esteem:  additional strains increase risk © Intellistudies/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Problem Behaviors Across Transition to High School Figure (Adapted from Roeser, Eccles, & Freedman-Doan, 1999.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Helping Adolescents Adjust to School Transitions  Parent involvement, monitoring  Close friendships  Smaller units within schools  Same-ethnicity peers  Homeroom teacher relationships © michaeljung/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Supporting Academic Achievement Child-rearing practices  Authoritative  Joint decision making  Parent involvement in education Peer influences  Valuing high achievement School characteristics  Warm, personal teaching  Classroom learning experiences  Opportunities to break out of low academic tracks Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

High School Graduation Rates Figure 11.8 (From OECD, 2011a.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Factors Related to Dropping Out  Low grades, low academic self-esteem  No extracurricular involvement  Family background:  uninvolved parenting style  limited parental education  Grade retention  Large, impersonal schools  General education, vocational tracks Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Dropout Prevention Strategies  Remedial instruction  Personalized counseling  High-quality vocational training  Addressing personal factors related to dropout  Extracurricular participation © Armadillo Stock/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

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