Birth and the Newborn Baby

The Three Stages of Birth

The stages of childbirth Dilation and effacement of the cervix Delivery of the baby Birth of the placenta

Assessing the newborn’s physical condition: The Apgar Scale(p133) Appearance Pulse Grimace表情 Activity Respiration

Elements of Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth Classes Relaxation & Breathing Techniques Labor Coach Social support

Medical Interventions in Childbirth(p137) Fetal Monitoring Medication Analgesics（止痛剂） Anesthetics（麻醉剂） Instrument Delivery Induced Labor Cesarean Delivery（剖腹产）

Instrument Delivery

Birth complications: Anoxia（缺氧症） Oxygen deprivation at birth. Can lead to brain damage or later cognitive, language problems Cerebral palsy（脑瘫） Causes include: Squeezing by umbilical cord（脐带挤压） Placenta abruption（胎盘剥离） Failing to breathe after birth Respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Low Birth Weight and Disabilities

Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies May be born at due date or preterm. Below expected weight for length of pregnancy. Preterm Born weeks before their due date. May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy.

Interventions for Preterm Infants(p142) Isolette（早产婴儿保育箱） Respirator（呼吸器） Feeding tube Intravenous medication 静脉注射 Special Infant Stimulation Parent Training in Caregiving

Benefits of “Kangaroo Care”

Infant Mortality Around the World

Newborn Reflexes Eye Blink Sucking Swimming Moro惊跳反射（莫罗反射） Palmar Grasp抓握反射（达尔文发射） Tonic Neck强直的颈反射 Stepping行走反射 Babinski足趾反射（巴宾斯基反射）

Stepping

Palmar Grasp

Infant States of Arousal Regular Sleep Irregular Sleep Drowsiness Quiet Alertness Waking Activity and Crying

Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby Hold on shoulder and rock or walk Swaddle Pacifier Ride in carriage, car, swing Combine methods Let cry for short time

Newborn Sense of Touch Reflexive response to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals Sensitive to pain Pain can affect later behavior Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar, gentle holding

Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Prefer sweet tastes at birth Quickly learn to like new tastes Have odor preferences from birth Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth

Newborn Sense of Hearing Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Learn sound patterns within days Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language

Newborn Sense of Vision Least developed of senses at birth Unable to see long distances, focus clearly Scan environment and try to track interesting objects Color vision improves in first two months

Adjustments to Parenthood(p157) Physical Schedule Financial Time Gender roles Parents’ relationship Pre-birth counseling Interventions for high-risk couples