Employment Trends 1

 Trends in employment level  Total employment  How does it look like since WWII  Employment rate  = (employment/working-age population)  How does it look like since WWII  How?  Men out, women in  Shifts in composition of employment  Fishing  Agriculture  Manufacturing (good-producing)  Service  Government  Non-government 2

 Now, about ¾ in services  All around the world  Why the big change?  Relative productivities  Real incomes and necessities/luxury goods  Contracting services out and accounting for that  Globalization and “outsourcing”  Many (not all) services are difficult to outsource  Services as inputs 3

 Shifts in occupations  More  Managerial  Clerical  Sales  Communication  Finance  Less  Manufacturing  Mechanical  Unskilled  Transportation  Primary  Same  Construction 4

 Shifts in modes  Non-standard employment  Not full-time, not full-year, not permanent paid  Part-time  Less than 30 hrs/week  About 12% in 1970s  About 20% in 2000s  Strong gender bias - women  Mostly service sector  Many may be underemployed  Would prefer full time 5

 Multiple jobholding (moonlighting)  Gender bias – men (3/4)  But women increase (sign of underemployment?)  Age bias - young  Trend to multi-career  Main reason reported is financial  Own-account self-employment  Working on your own without paid employees  Gender bias – men  Age bias – older 6

 Temporary work  Term and contract 1/2  Gender bias - men  Casual and on-call 1/4  Gender bias - women  Seasonal 1/4  Gender bias – men  Bad data due to changing definitions  Why the increase?  Demographic changes – not clear  Businesses trying to go around regulations  Payroll tax  Mandated benefits  Globalization and flexibility  Functional flexibility  Numerical flexibility 7

 Trends in hours of work  DOWN  1900, about 59 hrs/week  Now, about 38 hrs/week  Why?  Growing productivity and leisure time as luxury 8