Do Now/Catalyst Question What are the six types of synovial joints we learned yesterday?

Review: Synovial Joints Contain synovial fluid Allow considerable movement Most joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton reflecting greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial Complex

Synovial Joints

Types of Synovial joints Uniaxial: occurring around one axis Biaxial: occurring around two axes at right angles to each other Multiaxial: occurring around several axes

Plane and Saddle Joints Plane or gliding joints Uniaxial. some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures Example: intervertebral, intercarpal, acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal, costovertebral, intertarsal, sacroiliac, tarsometatarsal Saddle joints Biaxial Example: thumb (carpometacarpal pollicis), intercarpal, sternoclavicular

Hinge and Pivot Joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Uniaxial Convex cylinder in one bone; corresponding concavity in the other Example: elbow, ankle, interphalangeal Pivot joints Uniaxial. Rotation around a single axis. Cylindrical bony process rotating within a circle of bone and ligament Example: articulation between dens of axis and atlas (atlantoaxial), proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar

Ball-and-Socket and Ellipsoid Joints Multiaxial Examples: shoulder and hip joints Condyloid Modified ball-and-socket; articular surfaces are ellipsoid Biaxial Example: atlantooccipital,

Today’s Objective: SWBAT communicate the different types of movements done by the human body.

Intro In physical therapy, kinesiology, and other medical and scientific fields specific terms are used to describe the movements of Synovial joints. We will need to command these terms to understand many of the muscle actions we are going to learn about in our next unit. For easier study, they’re grouped by contrasting movements.

Types of Movement Gliding: in plane joints; slight movement Angular Flexion and Extension Hyperextension Plantar and Dorsiflexion Abduction and Adduction Circular Rotation Pronation and Supination Circumduction

Flexion and Extension Flexion: movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane Extension: movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane

Flexion and Extension

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion Exceptions to definition Plantar flexion: standing on the toes Dorsiflexion: foot lifted toward the shin

Abduction and Adduction Abduction: movement away from the median plane Adduction: movement toward the median plane

Circular Movements Rotation: turning of a structure on its long axis Examples: rotation of the head, humerus, entire body Medial and lateral rotation; example, the rotation of the arm Pronation/Supination: refer to unique rotation of the forearm Pronation: palm faces posteriorly Supination: palm faces anteriorly

Circular Movement Circumduction Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction Appendage describes a cone

Special Movements Unique to only one or two joints Types Elevation and Depression Protraction and Retraction Opposition and Reposition Inversion and Eversion

Elevation and Depression Elevation: moves a structure superior Depression: moves a structure inferior Examples: shrugging the shoulders, opening and closing the mouth

Protraction and Retraction Protraction: gliding motion anteriorly Retraction: moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly Examples: scapulae and mandibles

Opposition and Reposition Opposition: movement of thumb and little finger toward each other Reposition: return to anatomical position

Inversion and Eversion Inversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medially Eversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally

Range of Motion Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint Types Active: amount of movement accomplished by muscle contraction Passive: amount of movement accomplished by some outside force Both active and passive can be influenced by Shape of articular surfaces forming joint Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces Strength and location of ligaments and tendons Location of muscles associated with joint Amount of fluid in and around joint Amount of pain in and around joint Amount of use/disuse of joint

In focus: Knee Joint Condyloid: allowing flexion/extension, small amount of rotation Menisci: fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface Cruciate ligaments: extend between intercondylar eminence of tibia and fossa of the femur Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Prevents anterior displacement of tibia Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Prevents posterior displacement of tibia Collateral and popliteal ligaments: along with tendons of thigh muscles strengthen the joint Bursae: may result in slow accumulation of fluid in the joint (water on the knee)

Knee

Knee Injuries and Disorders Football injuries: often tear the tibial collateral ligament, the anterior cruciate ligament, and damage the medial meniscus Bursitis Chondromalacia: softening of cartilage due to abnormal movement of the patella or to accumulation of fluid in fat pad posterior to patella Hemarthrosis: acute accumulation of blood in joint

Effects of Aging on Joints Tissue repair slows; rate of new blood vessel development decreases Articular cartilages wear down and matrix becomes more rigid Production of synovial fluid declines Ligaments and tendons become shorter and less flexible: decrease in range of motion (ROM) Muscles around joints weaken A decrease in activity causes less flexibility and decreased ROM

Joint Disorders Arthritis Osteoarthritis: wear and tear Rheumatoid: caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease Joint infections. Lyme disease (with ticks as vector), suppurative arthritis, tuberculous arthritis Gout. Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic). Increase in uric acid in blood results in deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and kidneys Hallux valgus and bunion. Caused by ill-fitting shoes Joint replacement. Prosthetic joint used to eliminate excruciating pain, usually due to arthritis

Be Prepared For you next Biomedical terms quiz next time…