Results from ANTARES environmental sciences C. Tamburini Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Géochimie et Ecologie Marines (LMGEM, UMR6117), INSU, Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille – Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France On behalf of : ANTARES Sea and Earth Sciences and S. Escoffier, D. Lefèvre, A. Robert, C. Curtil, S. Martini, M. Canals, J. Brunner, X. Durrieu de Madron, P. Testor, F. D’Ortenzio, M. Billault, A. Kevin, P. Payre, S. Beurthey, A. Deschamps, M. André, P. Cuny, B. Al Ali

IL07 Neutrino detector reveals deep ocean life (New scientists) ANTARES telescope Neutrino detector reveals deep ocean life (New scientists) 2400 m Biogeochemistry Oceanography Sismology Biology Sea & Earth sciences around ANTARES Microbial ecology Environmental research Ifremer ® 2000 m Bioluminescence M. André’s talk P. Charvis’ talk J. Brunner’s talk

CéphalopodesPoissons abyssauxCnidaires Crustacés RadiolairesDinoflagellésMollusques Bactéries Sources of bioluminescence in the deep

PM ANTARES Fecal pellets Particles flux Luminescent biofilm? Attached-to-particles bacteria Free-living bacteria Downwelling Cascading Potential sources: 1)Particles flux constitutes the main source of bioluminescence 2)Biofouling 3)Free-living bacteria Potential sources of bioluminescent bacteria Free-living bacteria Symbiotic bacteria expulsed

Al Ali et al. (2010) Study of bioluminescent bacteria Identification of ANTARES strain Attached-to-OM bioluminescent bacteria ? Isolation from free-living bacteria:

Piloted Pressure Generator (PPG) Study of growth and bioluminescence under pressure At 0.1 MPaAt 22 MPa Al Ali et al. (2010) Microscopic photographs of P. p. ANT-2200:

Tamburini et al. (in prep.) Temps (h) P. phoshoreum ANT-2200 growth (A) 22 MPa 0.1 MPa Temps (h) P. phoshoreum ANT-2200 bioluminescence (B) P. phosphoreum ANT-2200: growth and bioluminescence

Environmental research… Ifremer ®

Cuny et al. (in prep.) Evidence for Prestige fuel oil (bio)degradation at 2400 m water depth after 2 years of incubation. Changes in the bacterial community structure likely reflect an adaptation of bacterial communities to the contamination in association with a probable selection of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. This point is supported by the isolation of various hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria from the ANTARES station. macrobenthic recolonisation and sediment reworking activity do not seem to have been affected by the contamination. Tapilatu et al. (2010) Ifremer ®

Isolation of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria from the water-sediment interface of ANTARES station. Sampling : POTES MER I Station ANTARES 2400 m slide 22/29 Tapilatu et al. (2010)

O 2 optode sensor (Aanderaa 3975)  [O 2 ] MicroCAT CTD  T, S videomonitoring camera + Optical Module  bioluminescence videomonitoring camera + Optical Module  bioluminescence IODA 6000 on the L12  [O 2 ] Oceanographic & biogeochemistry studies 100 SV O 2 O Hydrophones

Deep-sea temperature, salinity & currents survey Hydro-Changes program (CIESM) Circulation studies in the Mediterranean Sea (contact person: I. Taupier-Letage; P. Raimbault) (Commission Internationale pour l’Exploration Scientifique de la mer Méditerranée) ANTARES

O 2 optode sensor (Aanderaa 3975)  [O 2 ] MicroCAT CTD  T, S videomonitoring camera + Optical Module  bioluminescence videomonitoring camera + Optical Module  bioluminescence IODA 6000 on the L12  [O 2 ] Oceanographic & biogeochemistry studies 100 SV O 2 O Hydrophones See D. Lefèvre’s talk

IODA 6000 for ANTARES Line 12 2 O 2 optode sensors: 1 external and 1 internal 435m from the bottom IODA 6000 : In situ Oxygen Dynamics Auto-sampler 25th Z= 1935 m

EuroSITES project (EC FP7) EuroSITES is a FP7 Collaborative Project (EC) which aims to form an integrated European network of 11 deep-ocean (>1000m) observatories.

O 2 optode sensor (Aanderaa 3975)  [O 2 ] MicroCAT CTD  T, S videomonitoring camera + Optical Module  bioluminescence videomonitoring camera + Optical Module  bioluminescence IODA 6000 on the L12  [O 2 ] Oceanographic & biogeochemistry studies 100 SV O 2 O Hydrophones

O 2 optode sensor (Aanderaa 3975)  [O 2 ] MicroCAT CTD  T, S videomonitoring camera + Optical Module videomonitoring camera + Optical Module  bioluminescence IODA 6000 on the L12  [O 2 ] Oceanographic & biogeochemistry studies 100 SV O 2 O Hydrophones  bioluminescence

MERMeX “MISTRALS” (Mediterranean Integrated STudies at Regional And Local Scales) For ~

MOOSE STRATEGY

CTD IODA 6000 Camera ADCP Transmissometer … Depth (meter) Data Transfer Dead weight Buoy Hydrodynamics Water column biogeochemistry Marine Ecology Geosciences Autonomous Line with a Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and Sea Sciences (ALBATROSS)

ALBATROSS Develop a tool for real time multi disciplinary science Flexibility to welcome any generic sensor Adjust time scale of maintenance according to sensors characteristics Export the concept to other cabled site. This proposal intends to demonstrate the necessity of well defined calibration procedures. The final goal of the methodology is to be able to compare measurements on different existing ESONET sites. Autonomous Line with a Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and Sea Sciences (ALBATROSS)

A Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and Sea Sciences (ALBATROSS) acoustic modem 100 Base T 400 VDC BJS Depth (meter) Inductive Data Transfer Acoustic release transponder Dead weight Buoy Acoustic transponder (ANTARES acoustic field for positioning during sea operation) Acoustic Data Transfer 1000 BaseT Fx 500 VAC From ANTARES BJ MII Inductive Data Transfer BJ  400 m BJS  50 m Acoustic Modem  2000 m Line 2350 m

I have a dream… MEUST du MEUST Deep-ESP WALLY

Thank you for your attention…

Oceanography and biogeochemistry around Antares POTESOPERAAAMISDARK VADORALBATROSSALBATROSS NETWORK Line 1 Depth 1 IODA 1 Microcat 1 Aquadopp … 0 D, delayed mode 1 Line 4 Depth 4 IODA 4 Microcat 4 Aquadopp …. 1 D delayed mode 1 Line 4 Depth 4 IODA 4 Microcat 4 Aquadopp … 1 D real time Mode 3 or more Lines 4 Depth 4 IODA 4 Microcat 4 Aquadopp … 3 D real time Mode

IL 07 ADCPCamera OM hydrophones CT ADCP Camera OM hydrophones C-Star O2O2 CT SV hydrophone RxTx 14.5m 80m 14.5m 80m 98m CSTAR light 660nm CT = Conductivity-Temperature SV = Sound Speed ADCP = Currentmeter GURALP seismometer 2 optical modules 1 Laser + 2 optical beacon Acoustic positionning RxTx & Rx In situ Dissolved oxygen 2 video cameras + 3 floors equipped with acoustic detection Eric KAJFASZ – CPPM 26 Instrumented mooring line (IL07)

“MISTRALS” (Mediterranean Integrated STudies at Regional And Local Scales) “MISTRALS” is a decadal project of systematic Observation. It aims at understanding at the global change impact at a basin scale on the the ecosystem functioning. Using a multidisciplinary approach from 2010 till It aims at simulating the mediterranean basin evolution for the next century in term of human habitat, sustainability, and propose scenario for a better adaptation and/or mitigation. « MISTRALS » is a French initiative; to initiate a Euro-mediterranean project involving all the Mediterranean countries.

MERMEX: Marine Ecosystems Response in the Mediterranean Experiment ( ), ( Response of the Med. Ecosystems to global change including temperature increase and anthropogenic pressure (contaminants). This project is a component of ‘Chantier Mediterranée Programme’ which comprises atmospheric chemistry (Charmex), hydrometeorology (HYMEX), Biodiversity (Biodivmex), Paleomex… PI : X. Durrieu de Madron, C. Guieu, R. Sempéré

MERMEX: Marine Ecosystems Response in the Mediterranean Experiment ( ) Scientific objectives – 1. Circulation and basin scale nutrients budget – 2. Biogeochemical and ecological processes – 3. Intense natural and anthropogenic land-sea interactions – 4. Natural and anthropogenic atmosphere-sea interactions – 5. Societal and economical impacts sanitary, recreation, resources)

Mediterranean Ocean Observing System on Environment (MOOSE) Objectives:  Long term observatory network in the North Western Mediterranean Sea  A tool for MISTRALS (Chantier Méditerranée) and operational oceanography (SNOCO, Mercator-Coriolis)  Multidisciplinary network of fixe station & mobile plateform  Synergy between actors and mean of investigation  Life time >10 years

Objectives:  Long term observatory network in the North Western Mediterranean Sea  A tool for MISTRALS (Chantier Méditerranée) and operational oceanography (SNOCO, Mercator-Coriolis)  Multidisciplinary network of fixe station & mobile plateform  Synergy between actors and mean of investigation  Life time >10 years MOOSE Network

O 2 optode sensor (Aanderaa 3975)  [O 2 ] MicroCAT CTD  T, S videomonitoring camera + Optical Module  bioluminescence videomonitoring camera + Optical Module  bioluminescence IODA 6000 on the L12  [O 2 ] Sismology 100 SV O 2 O Hydrophones

A videosurveillance camera to see macro-organisms close to the ANTARES detectors AXIS221 videosurveillance Good night view quality Limit better than 0.1 lux (scene illumination) Field of view up to 90 degree Infrared capability Data output Ethernet Power 9V, 5WControl of external device Web server integrated for real time imaging Software for triggering and storing video sequences

Videomonitoring camera  bioluminescence J. Brunner IL07

Towards an identification of deep-sea bioluminescent macro-organisms close to the ANTARES detectors In collaboration with S. Escoffier, J.J. Aubert (CPPM) A.S. Cussat-Legras, A.F. Yao (COM) From literature data From PM of ANTARES The idea was to combine literature and PM of ANTARES data to assess the incidence of events and the identification of the organism (at the group level).