Everyday Use Chapters 1 & 2 Review The Big Picture: The Rhetorical Triangle Interaction between Speaker/Writer, Audience, and Subject Influence of Context, Genre, and Intention

Everyday Use Chapter 1 Summary Rhetoric in Context Speaker Context genre intention Audience Subject 2

Everyday Use Chapters 1 & 2 Review Rhetoric In Practice: Invention Strategies = starting point for both Writer / Speaker and Reader Importance of Cultural Memory

Everyday Use Chapters 1 & 2 Review Invention Strategies: Journalist Questions Syllogisms & Enthymemes Basic Topics Common Topics

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Preview We have seen the Big Picture of what Rhetoric is and how it is used in a variety of ways. We have been given a variety of starting points with which to begin using rhetoric in our reading and writing. This final section will give us very practical means for rhetorical analysis as readers and use of rhetorical devices as writers.

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Canons of Rhetoric: Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Context: Text always has a context Context consists of an occasion, an audience, and a purpose. Invented material is arranged in an effective way, written with style that is appropriate and engaging, then delivered in the best way possible.

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Arrangement: Principles of arrangement help a writer to: Order and structure parts of a piece of writing Support those parts of writing Invention and Arrangement work hand-in-hand Invention: gather and inventory material Arrangement: select what to use and how to present it. 8

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Genres: Genres are types of compositions, based upon context and purpose. Each genre has its own set of rules. No single pattern will work in all situations. However, all texts have a beginning, middle, and end. 9

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Genres: Beginning: States central argument or poses central question. Preview of text development Middle: Supports central argument / Answers central question End: Wraps up the argument. Asks “So What?” 10

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Classical Rhetoric: Six-Part Argument Exordium: “web” or hook Narration: background material / context Partition: what will and won’t be included Confirmation: supports argument Refutation: addresses counterarguments Peroration: conclusion / call to action 11

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Style: Choices regarding words, phrases, sentences. Does style reflect personality? Is style governed by occasion and appropriateness? Is style a conscious effort? 12

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Style and situation: The answer to most questions about style is “It depends on the situation.” Situation: Need to write, writer, audience, subject, purpose, genre, time, place Issues of style: figurative language, first-person, second-person, contractions, active voice, passive voice. 13

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Style and jargon: Admonitions such as “write for the generalized reader” and “avoid five-dollar words” appear in many writing handbooks. This is true, to a point Writing should be accessible to the well-educated, diligent reader. Use complicated words when appropriate. Use specialized vocabulary when appropriate. Make it accessible. Make it sound natural. 14

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Style and personal pronouns: Academic papers: No. Focus is on the subject, not the author or audience. Personal response: Yes (It depends). Business correspondence: Yes. 15

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Style and personal pronouns: Formal writing: No. Informal writing: Yes, depending on intention and relationship with the reader. 16

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Style and active vs. passive voice: Active Voice: Doer – Action – Receiver The lab technician filtered the solution. Passive Voice: Receiver – Action (by Doer) The solution was filtered by the lab technician. 17

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Style and active vs. passive voice: Active Voice is preferred because: Active voice is more forceful. Passive voice uses more words (helping verbs). Passive voice conceals the doer of the action. 18

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Style and active vs. passive voice: Advantages of Passive Voice: More conducive to scientific and technical writing (emphasis on what is done, rather than who does it). Emphasis can be placed on the doer by moving the subject to the end of the sentence. 19

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Dimensions of style: Sentences, words, & figures Sentences: grammatical type, placement of details, variety Words: level of elaborateness and formality, difficulty, technicality Figures: schemes and tropes, figurative language 20

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Sentences: Simple Sentence: a single independent clause Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union. Simple sentences can have a compound subject, compound verb, or both. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson struggled to save the Union. Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union and persevered. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson struggled to save the Union and persevered. 21

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Sentences: Compound Sentence: two independent clauses joined by a conjunction. Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union, and Andrew Johnson helped him. 22

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Sentences: Complex Sentence: one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause. When the leaders of the Confederacy insisted that the rights of the states were more important than the maintenance of the Union, Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson struggled to save the Union and persevered. 23

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Sentences: Compound-Complex Sentence: has defining features of both a compound and complex sentence. When the leaders of the Confederacy insisted that the rights of the states were more important than the maintenance of the Union, Abraham Lincoln struggled to save the Union and persevered, and Andrew Johnson assisted him. 24

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Loose and Periodic Sentences: Use the sentence type that best fits your purpose. Basic sentences: subject, verb, compliments Abraham Lincoln wept. 25

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Loose and Periodic Sentences: Loose Sentences: a basic sentence with details added immediately at the end. Abraham Lincoln wept, fearing that the Union would not survive if the southern states seceded. 26

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Loose and Periodic Sentences: Periodic Sentences: a basic sentence with details added either before the basic elements, or in the middle of the basic elements. Alone in his study, dejected but not broken in spirit, Abraham Lincoln wept. Abraham Lincoln, alone in his study, wept. 27

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Loose and Periodic Sentences: The structure of a sentence affects the way it is read and understood. Pacing: Loose – faster pace, crisp, business-like Periodic – delays, balanced, thoughtful Sentence structure says much about the writer and his purpose, credibility (ethos), and goals. 28

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Parallel Structure: Two or more similar ideas expressed in grammatically similar ways. Most obvious when parallel structure is absent. In these moments, Rivka discovers the bitter truth about her husband’s hidden life, her son’s death, and that Herman was not sending her letters all along. 29

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Parallel Structure: Correct Parallel Structure: In these moments, Rivka discovers the truth about her husband’s hidden life, her son’s death, and Herman’s deceit about the letters. (all are noun phrases) 30

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Parallel Structure: Parallel Structure exists on phrase level and the sentence level. “we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground…” “government of the people, by the people, for the people” Activity on page 72. 31

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Words: Diction: word choice (Latin dictio = style of speech) Diction depends on situation and genre Ask “What is my purpose, who is my audience, and what kind of text am I writing?” 32

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Words: General vs. Specific Ladder of Abstraction: higher = abstract lower = specific A good writer can move up and down the ladder easily. Movement depends on situation and genre What is most useful to the audience? 33

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Words: Formal vs. Informal Diction should fit occasion. Formal: no contractions, no first- or second-person Informal: contractions, first-person, limited second person, slang, colloquialisms 34

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Words: Formal vs. Informal Pronouns & antecedents must agree in number and gender. Gender agreement: switch back and forth he or she; he/she pluralize 35

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Words: Latinate vs. Anglo-Saxon English is a hybrid language Old English comes from Anglo-Saxon languages Norman invasion brought Romance languages Latinate: formal, multisyllabic; prefix-root-suffix Anglo-Saxon: informal, monosyllabic “magnanimous” (L) vs. “kind” (A-S) Activity on page 77 36

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Words: Common Terms vs. Jargon & Slang Slang: language of a particular group (informal) Jargon: specialized language of a group (formal) Using slang or jargon might obscure meaning, rather than clarify. But, it can lend credibility with that particular group 37

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Words: Denotation & Connotation Denotation: literal meaning of a word Connotation: association evoked by a word 38

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Figures of Rhetoric: Schemes and Tropes Scheme: artful variation from typical arrangement of words in a sentence. Trope: artful arrangement from typical way a word or idea is expressed. A different way of saying something is also a different way of seeing something. 39

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Schemes involving balance: Parallelism Parallelism of words: Scientists argue that exercise benefits a person’s heart and lungs, muscles and nerves, and joints and cartilage. Parallelism of phrases: Scientists argue that exercise helps a person breathe more effectively, move with less discomfort, and avoid injury. Parallelism of clauses: Scientists argue that aerobics is the most efficient class, that aerobics participants gain more stamina, and that aerobics is less expensive. All of these are examples of zeugma. 40

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Schemes involving balance: Antithesis Antithesis of words: When runners reach the state they call “the zone,” they find themselves mentally engaged yet detached. Antithesis of phrases: When runners reach the state they call “the zone,” they find themselves mentally engaged with their physical surroundings yet detached from the concerns of their conditioning. Antithesis of clauses: When runners reach the state they call “the zone,” they find that they are engaged with their physical surroundings, yet they are also completely detached from the concerns of their conditioning. 41

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Schemes involving balance: Antimetabole Antimetabole: words are repeated in different grammatical forms “When the going gets tough, the tough get going” (adjective becomes noun; noun becomes verb) 42

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Schemes involving interruption: Parenthesis: interruption of sentence to insert an important information Sports night always brings out the would-be jocks – who would expect any different? – ready to show that they’re potentially as good as the varsity players. Sports night always brings out the would-be jocks (who would expect any different?) ready to show that they’re potentially as good as the varsity players. 43

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Schemes involving interruption: Expletive: interruption of sentence to insert an exclamatory word, phrase, or clause When sports night is cancelled – oh, sorrowful day! – all the would-be jocks get a case of show-off withdrawal. Appositive: parenthetical phrase, modifies previous element. Joey Wilson, a pioneer in personal weight training, would marvel at the facilities open to today’s athletes. 44

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Schemes involving omission: Used for rhythmic or dramatic effect Ellipsis: omission of words, meaning is understood by context In a hockey power play, if you pass the puck to the wing, and he [passes] to you, then you can close in on the goal. Asyndeton: omission of conjunctions I skated, I shot, I scored, I cheered – what a glorious moment. 45

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Schemes involving repetition: “Don’t be repetitive, but use repetition.” Alliteration: repetition of consonant sounds Intramural hockey is a strenuous, stimulating, satisfying sport. Assonance: repetition of vowel sounds A workout partner is a kind, reliable, right-minded helper. Anaphora: repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or clauses Exercise builds stamina in children; exercise builds stamina in adults; exercise builds stamina in senior citizens. 46

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Schemes involving repetition: Epistrophe: repetition of words at the end of sentences or clauses To become a top-notch athlete, I thought like an athlete, I trained like an athlete, I ate like an athlete. Anadiplosis: repetition of the last word of one phrase at the beginning of the next Mental preparation leads to training; training builds muscle tone and coordination; muscle tone and coordination produce athletic excellence. 47

Everyday Use Chapter 3 Summary Schemes involving repetition: Climax: repetition of words and phrases in order of increasing importance Excellent athletes need to be respectful to themselves, their teammates, their schools, and their communities. Anadiplosis + Climax = “climbing the ladder” 48