Chapter 11 Sectional Conflict Increases 1845-1861 NORTH SOUTH

Slavery Divides the Nation By 1800, there were 50,000 enslaved people in the North, compared to 1 million in the South

Missouri Compromise of 1820 Every time there was going to be a new state, there was much debate whether it would be a slave OR free state. Missouri became a slave state but slavery would not be allowed anywhere else north of Missouri’s southern border.

Zachary Taylor (he wins) Election of 1848 Democrats Whigs Free Soil Party Lewis Cass Zachary Taylor (he wins) Martin Van Buren Favored popular sovereignty and opposed Wilmot Proviso Political views were unknown but he was a war hero during the US-Mexican War Since neither party really addressed the slavery issue, anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs formed this party. Prohibited expansion of slavery in newly acquired western territory

Discussion “All society is formed upon the principle of mutual concession” – Henry Clay Agree or Disagree? Use window analogy….classroom is hot, some people want the window open others want it shut cause it gets too cold Lots of fighting amongst Congressmen Plan to satisfy both North and South

Fire-Eaters Southerners who were very pro-slavery and wanted the South to secede Threatened the Congress to choose between abolition and secession Picture of Edmund Ruffin of Virginia who was one of the leading fire-eaters

Compromise of 1850 Congress passed Clay’s measures: 1. California was admitted as a free state 2. New Mexico and Utah territories would decide by popular sovereignty 3. Texas was unrestricted to slavery 4. Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia This passed.

President of U.S President Zachary Taylor Died- he had opposed Clay’s compromise Vice President Millard Fillmore replaced Taylor favored Clay’s compromise Congress passed Clay’s measures and it was known as the Compromise of 1850 Taylor died of the stomach flu Harrison died on his thirty-second day in office[1] of complications from a cold – the shortest tenure in United States presidential history.

Popular Sovereignty and the Wilmot Proviso leaving the issue up to territorial governments Wilmot Proviso: banned slavery in all lands that would be acquired from Mexico (failed) Wilmot Proviso failed. South wanted Popular sovereignty. All but one Northern state wanted the Wilmot Proviso. South threatened to secede if the Wilmot Proviso became law.

Federal vs. State Right’s Debate Question Federal vs. State Right’s

Election of 1852 Democrat candidate, Franklin Pierce won the election Persuaded both north and south on the issue of slavery Called, “a northern man with southern principles” He proved to be a weak leader

List of Presidents George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren (1829-1837) William Henry Harrison (1841-1841) (first person to die in office – 32 days in office) John Tyler (1841-1845) James Polk (1845-1849) Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) (died after 16 months in office) Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln Currently, there are 44 presidents

Fugitive Slave Act Under the law, no black person was safe Many blacks in the north, were now transported back to the south The Compromise of 1850 started to fall apart mainly due to this act Authorized the arrest of escaped slaves even in states where slavery was illegal

Anti-Slavery Issue Abolitionists from the North and Midwest used their pens to win people to their cause Goal was to change public opinion

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe was the author Helped convince many Americans of the moral wrongs of slavery African Americans depicted as husbands and wives, parents and children For the first time, readers began to think of slaves as people, rather than as possessions. In 1862, Lincoln met with Harriet Beecher Stowe and reportedly said, “So you’re the little woman that wrote the book that made this great war” Compared to Common Sense Sold more than 2 million copies by the end of the 1850s in the US alone North loved it, South hated it

Frederick Douglass Taught to read and write A life devoted to the cause of freedom, for women as well as blacks Opposed the Mexican War- wrote about it in his newspaper, North Star, based out of N.Y

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Discussion Compare Compromise of 1850 to Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854 Congress divided the Nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska Residents of each territory would vote to allow or outlaw slavery Congress assumed Kansas would be slave and Nebraska free Northerners and Southerners tried to influence the vote In effect, it nullified the Missouri Compromise by allowing slavery to spread in areas where it had been banned. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/kansas.htm

Things Turn Violent Pro slavery residents from Missouri attacked the antislavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. Northern abolitionist John Brown responded by killing five proslavery settlers.

Bleeding Kansas Eventually became a free state in 1861

Violence in the Senate Violence over the slavery issue broke out on the floor of the U.S. Senate. Southern Representative Preston Brooks badly beat Northern Senator Charles Sumner with a cane. Mass senator, Charles Sumner delivered a speech on the Senate floor where he blasted southerners for their bullying and fraud in the Kansas elections. He later insulted South Carolina senator Andrew Butler, who was absent. Butler’s nephew beat Sumner unconscious with a cane. http://www.ushistory.org/us/31e.asp

Republican Party Party based on anti-slavery Ended up losing to Democrat candidate James Buchanan (1856 President) With the Whig and American Party (Know-Nothings) finished, a lot of people joined the Republican ticket John Fremont (“Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Men, Fremont”)

Individual Reading Activity Read Page 358: Dred Scott and the Supreme Court What do you find disturbing after reading this? 2. What did the Supreme Court rule? Scott vs. Sandford

Dred Scott Case Case was heard by the US Supreme Court Roger B. Taney (TAW-nee) was one of five southerners on the Court Wrote the majority opinion Declared Scott was not a citizen and therefore could not bring suit in the U.S Slaves were considered property Rejected the Missouri Compromise based on the Fifth Amendment Fifth Amendment- forbids the government to deny anyone’s right to property without “due process of law” Dred Scott died less than one year after becoming free

Effects of Dred Scott Case After Kansas-Nebraska Act, and now the Dred Scott Decision, there was no way to keep slavery from spreading into the territories.

Lincoln and Douglas Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for Senator of Illinois- spoke out against the expansion of slavery. Faced off against Stephen Douglas (Democrat) known as the Little Giant Douglas narrowly defeated Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln “A house divided against itself cannot stand” What does this mean? What is Abraham Lincoln talking about? The nation, he argued, could not remain forever divided into slave and free states Lincoln was able to tolerate slavery in the south, but he firmly opposed its expansion in the territories

Discussion What issues divide the U.S today? Environment Immigration War Abortion Stem Cell Research

John Brown’s Raid Brown, armed with a band of some 20 men, including five African Americans were back on the attack Harper’s Ferry 1859- seized the federal arsenal in Virginia (now in WV) Both Lincoln and Douglas believed the slavery crisis had to be resolved within the framework of the nation’s laws. Abolitionist John Brown felt no such constraints.

Harper’s Ferry Planned to give the arsenal’s guns to slaves living nearby However, no slaves came to aid the group Federal troops under the command of Colonel Robert E. Lee assaulted Brown’s positions Brown and his men were killed (Think of Boondock Saints or Dexter) Hoped runaway slaves and free African Americans would join him in his efforts to liberate salves from their owners

Discussion What do you think about John Brown’s actions? If you were a southerner, how do you feel about what Brown did? If you were a northerner, how do you feel about what Brown did?

Response to Raid North South Saw Brown as a Hero Saw Brown as bloodthirsty fanatic Made North look like they supported theft, murder, and treason

Won only Missouri and part of NJ Election of 1860 Republican Northern Democrat Southern Democrat Constitutional Union Lincoln (winner!) Douglas Breckinridge Bell Attracted Northern industrialists, wage earners, and mid-western farmers Won only Missouri and part of NJ Southern radicals Southern moderates 59% electoral vote 24% electoral vote 13% electoral vote 4% electoral vote 40% popular vote 30% popular vote 18% popular vote 12% popular vote

Look at the Map of the Election of 1860 Group Activity Page 362 Look at the Map of the Election of 1860 Based on what you see on the map, how is it that Lincoln won the presidency?

http://elections. harpweek. com/1860/cartoon-1860-Medium. asp http://elections.harpweek.com/1860/cartoon-1860-Medium.asp?UniqueID=40&Year=1860

Questions Read Pages 362-363 What event caused secession? What state was the first to secede? What did the seceding states call themselves? How was their Constitution different than the U.S Constitution? Lincoln’s election 3. Confederate States of America South Carolina 4. Guaranteed right to own slaves; Each state was sovereign and independent

Secession! Lincoln had a moderate stance on slavery Once elected, South Carolina unanimously voted to leave the Union Confederate States of America was created. Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederacy After the war, Davis was tried for treason was pardoned by President Johnson. Jefferson Davis was jailed for two years after the Civil War, released, and died in 1889 of an illness.

Views of Secession North South Supported Constitution Defended secession on the grounds of states’ rights Supported concept of majority rule Determined to protect slavery

America Story of Us: Division- Causes of Civil War

Chapter 11 Quiz