C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to A DIVIDED NATION (1848–1860) Section 1: The Debate over Slavery Section 2: Trouble in Kansas Section 3: Political Divisions Section 4: Secession Chapter 18

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  How did the outcome of the Mexican War affect the debate over the expansion of slavery?  What were the main conditions of the Compromise of 1850, and what reasons were given for supporting or opposing it?  Why was the Fugitive Slave Act controversial in the North? Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Mexican War and Slavery Expansion additional territory renewed the debate over slavery expansion additional territory renewed the debate over slavery expansion led to the Wilmot Proviso and sectionalism led to the Wilmot Proviso and sectionalism began push for popular sovereignty began push for popular sovereignty led to the Free-Soil Party led to the Free-Soil Party upset balance of free and slave states upset balance of free and slave states Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Wilmot Proviso (1846) – proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate popular sovereignty – the idea that political authority belongs to the people; also a principle that would allow voters in a particular territory to decide whether to ban or permit slavery The Mexican War and Slavery Expansion Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Free-Soil Party – political Party formed in 1848 by antislavery northerners who left the Whig and Democratic Parties because neither addressed the slavery issue The Mexican War and Slavery Expansion Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Compromise of 1850 Conditions of the Compromise of 1850 Conditions of the Compromise of 1850 California joins the Union as a free state. California joins the Union as a free state. New Mexico and Utah Territories will use popular sovereignty to decide the status of slavery. New Mexico and Utah Territories will use popular sovereignty to decide the status of slavery. Stronger fugitive slave law passed. Stronger fugitive slave law passed. Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. Border dispute between new Mexico and Texas is resolved. Border dispute between new Mexico and Texas is resolved. Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Compromise of 1850 Opposition to the Compromise of 1850 Opposition to the Compromise of 1850 Allowing California to enter as a free state would destroy the balance between the two sections of the country. Allowing California to enter as a free state would destroy the balance between the two sections of the country. California would be admitted unconditionally. California would be admitted unconditionally. Support for the Compromise of 1850 Support for the Compromise of 1850 Preserving the Union was more important than regional differences. Preserving the Union was more important than regional differences. Slave labor was not necessary in that environment. Slave labor was not necessary in that environment. Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Controversy in the North over the Fugitive Slave Act lacked trial by jury lacked trial by jury bribes were given to government officials for support bribes were given to government officials for support Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  How did different regions of the country react to the Kansas-Nebraska Act?  In what ways did people try to settle the conflict over slavery in Kansas?  What series of violent events showed growing division over slavery in the United States? Section 2: Trouble in Kansas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Kansas-Nebraska Act protested in the North protested in the North received strong support in the South received strong support in the South Section 2: Trouble in Kansas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Methods Used to Settle the Conflict Over Slavery in Kansas compromise compromise protests protests Section 2: Trouble in Kansas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Violent Events Over Slavery armed conflict in 1856 in Lawrence, Kansas armed conflict in 1856 in Lawrence, Kansas Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) Section 2: Trouble in Kansas Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) – incident in which abolitionist John Brown and seven other men murdered pro-slavery Kansans

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act affect U.S. political parties?  Why did Dred Scott sue for his freedom, and how did the Supreme Court rule on his case?  How did Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas differ in their views on slavery? Section 3: Political Divisions

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act on U.S. Political Parties Republican Party formed in 1854 Republican Party formed in 1854 Know-Nothing Party formed in 1849 Know-Nothing Party formed in 1849 Section 3: Political Divisions Know-Nothing Party – political organization founded in 1849 by nativists who supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens and to hold office

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Dred Scott Dred Scott was a slave who lived in free territory and then returned to slave territory. Dred Scott was a slave who lived in free territory and then returned to slave territory. He sued for his freedom claiming he had become free when he lived in free territory. He sued for his freedom claiming he had become free when he lived in free territory. In 1857 the Supreme Court declared: In 1857 the Supreme Court declared: African Americans were not U.S. citizens. African Americans were not U.S. citizens. The Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional. The Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional. Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory. Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory. Section 3: Political Divisions

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Abraham Lincoln’s and Stephen Douglas’ Differing Views on Slavery Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery and supported the equal rights for slaves. Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery and supported the equal rights for slaves. Stephen Douglas supported slavery and did not feel the African Americans were equal. Stephen Douglas supported slavery and did not feel the African Americans were equal. Section 3: Political Divisions

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  How did Americans react to John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry?  What factors led to Lincoln’s victory in the presidential election of 1860?  Why did some southern states decide to leave the Union? Section 4: Secession

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Reactions to John Brown’s Raid Some mourned his death and regarded him as a hero. Some mourned his death and regarded him as a hero. Others opposed his violence. Others opposed his violence. Southerners felt threatened. Southerners felt threatened. It raised the secession issue in the South. It raised the secession issue in the South. Section 4: Secession

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Factors Leading to Lincoln’s Victory in the Presidential Election of 1860 Lincoln won 180 of the 183 electoral votes in the free states. Lincoln won 180 of the 183 electoral votes in the free states. The slave states split their electoral votes thus giving Lincoln the victory. The slave states split their electoral votes thus giving Lincoln the victory. Section 4: Secession electoral votes – votes cast in states to elect the president in presidential elections

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Reasons the Southern States Left the Union believed Lincoln would abolish slavery believed Lincoln would abolish slavery feared this action would destroy the South’s economy and society feared this action would destroy the South’s economy and society Section 4: Secession