The Civil War ( )

The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

A Northern View of Jeff Davis

Western and Southern Theaters

Battle of Fort Sumter April 12 – 13, 1861 “You will want only strike a hornet's nest.... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death....” Secretary of State Robert Toombs, 1861

Lincoln’s Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott George McClellan, Again! McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant

The Confederate Generals Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee

North vs. South in 1861 NorthSouth Advantages?? Disadvantages??

Rating the North & the South

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Ohio Military Service

Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

Habeas Corpus

The “Anaconda” Plan

Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas) July, 1861

First Battle of Bull Run

Mobilizing the Troops Confederate reinforcements at the First Battle of Bull Run turned the tide for the Confederacy in the first major battle. The reinforcing troops were led by Thomas J. Jackson–“Stonewall” Jackson. He became one of the most effective commanders in the Confederate Army.

At first many Northern and Southern men enlisted in the armies. As the war dragged on, fewer young men enlisted. The North tried to get volunteers to enlist by offering a bounty–an amount of money given as a bonus–to men who enlisted for three years of military service. Eventually both the Confederacy and the Union instituted the draft.

The Naval War Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of all Confederate ports in an effort to cut the South’s trade with the world. The Union blockade became increasingly effective as the war went on. The Union navy, however, could not stop all of the blockade runners. A fleet of Union ships, led by David G. Farragut, captured New Orleans and gained control of the lower Mississippi River in April 1862.

War in the East:

“The blood of a poor man is as precious as that of the wealthy.”

The War in the East General George B. McClellan took over the Union army in the east after General McDowell’s loss at the First Battle of Bull Run. The Union wanted to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond. Robert E. Lee took over Johnston’s forces and began a series of attacks against McClellan in the Seven Days’ Battle. Lincoln ordered McClellan and his troops to return to Washington.

This became the Second Battle of Bull Run. Confederate troops were just 20 miles from Washington. Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis believed that an invasion of the North was the only way to convince the Union to accept the South’s independence. So Lee and his troops invaded Maryland. McClellan and his troops took position along Antietam Creek, east of Lee. The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest one- day battle of the war.

McClellan inflicted so many casualties on the Confederate army that Lee decided to retreat to Virginia. This was an important victory for the Union. The South lost its best chance to gain international recognition and support. The defeat convinced Lincoln that it was time to end slavery in the South.

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” 23,000 casualties September 17, 1862

Emancipation in 1863

The Emancipation Proclamation

Democrats opposed the end of slavery. Republicans were divided on the issue. Others, like Lincoln, did not want to lose the loyalty of the slaveholding border states. As Union casualties rose, however, Northerners began to agree that slavery should end.

In September of 1862 Abraham Lincoln, encouraged by the Union victory at Antietam, announced that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation. This decree would free all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, The Emancipation Proclamation changed the Civil War from a conflict over preserving the Union to a war to free the slaves.

The Southern View of Emancipation

What were the advantages of the North?

What were the advantages of the South?

Alexandria, Virginia. Slave pen. Exterior view

African-American Recruiting Poster

The Famous 54 th Massachusetts

“I imbibed in the war spirit immediately. I wanted to join the first company organized…” John Weatherred.

African-American teamsters,group of "contrabands" dressed in Union uniforms

Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA

Original Andersonville Plan  Planned to hold 10,000 men.  Had over 32,000 at one time.  Planned to hold 10,000 men.  Had over 32,000 at one time.

Distributing “Rations”

Union “Survivors”

Union Prisoner’s Record at Anderson ville

Burying Dead Union POWs

Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-14, 1863 Robert E. Lee for the South and Joseph Hooker for the North. South had 45,000 soldiers and North had 70,000. General Hooker wanted to try and capture Richmond again from the South. Stonewall took his troops and was able to attack the North from behind.

This was a unique battle. The smoke had been so thick that soldiers from the North were killing each other by mistake. General Stonewall Jackson was shot 3 times by his own men in the confusion. He died 10 days after the battle from pneumonia. The South wins this battle

The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Vicksburg

Vicksburg Falls Union forces wanted to capture Vicksburg, Mississippi, in order to gain control of the Mississippi River and cut the South in two. Grant’s troops captured the town of Jackson and proceeded west. The Union victory cut the Confederacy in two.

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Battle of Gettysburg

Gettysburg Lincoln gave command of the Union army to General Ambrose Burnside. Burnside ordered his troops to attack Lee’s troops entrenched on the hills south of Fredericksburg, Virginia. Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker.

General Lee’s troops marched into Pennsylvania. When Hooker failed to stop Lee, Lincoln removed Hooker and replaced him with General George Meade. General Meade and his troops headed north to stop Lee.

Near McPherson's Woods, dead Union solders. Retreating Rebels sometimes took needed gear from fallen Federals, including their shoes. The first skirmish leading to the Battle of Gettysburg began when Rebels searching for shoes encountered Union cavalry.

Open field surgery as an amputation is performed at a Union hospital tent.

Gettysburg Casualties

The Gettysburg Address “- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” -Abraham Lincoln - November 19, 1863

Grant Versus Lee In 1864 General Grant started a campaign against General Robert E. Lee’s forces. The first battle was fought in the Wilderness near Fredericksburg, Virginia. Grant ordered his troops to put Petersburg under siege.

1865

General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, The terms of surrender guaranteed that the United States would not prosecute Confederate soldiers for treason. Lincoln gave a speech in which he explained his plan for restoring the Southern states in the Union.

Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot and killed Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theater. The Civil War saved the Union and strengthened the power of the federal government over the states. It changed American society by ending the enslavement of African Americans. The South’s society and economy were devastated.

The Assassin John Wilkes Booth

The Assassination

WANTED~~!!WANTED~~!!

Ford’s Theater The Petersen House