Chapter 9 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Structure and Function  Tongue, salivary glands, parotid glands  Pharynx  Esophagus  Stomach (fundus, body)  Pylorus (pyloric sphincter)  Liver, gallbladder  Pancreas

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Structure and Function  Small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)  Large intestines (colon – Appendix, cecum, ascending, transverse, descending)  Rectum  Anus

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Terms  Peristalsis  Bile  Regurgitate  Prolapse

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Common Signs and Symptoms of GI disease or disorder  Vomiting  Diarrhea  Constipation  Hemorrhoids

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Signs and Symptoms  Stomatitis – rednesss, ulcers, bleeding  Oral cancer – Abnormal growths, sores, lesions that do not heal  Esophagitis – Chest pain (heartburn)  Hiatal hernia – Indigestion, heartburn, acid reflux, esophagitis  Gastritis – Stomach pain, hematemesis  Peptic ulcer – Upper abdominal pain, hemorrhage, blood in stool

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6  Chronic atrophic gastritis - gastritis, poor digestion, poor absorption of nutrients, weight loss  Gastroenteritis – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, possible fever  Appendicitis – Acute lower right quadrant pain, nausea, fever  Diverticulitis – Cramping and pain in lower abdomen  Crohn’s disease – Lower right pain, diarrhea and constipation, emission and exacerbation, weight loss, melena

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7  Irritable bowel syndrome – Diarrhea, pain, gas, constipation  Dysentery – Abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea with pus and mucus  Viral hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis)- Anorexia, nausea, mild fever, jaundice, enlarged tender liver  Hepatitis B – 2-6 month incubation followed by Hep A symptoms, may lead to chronic Hepatitis and cirrhosis  Hepatitis C – As for A and B, following incubation of months to decades, commonly resulting in cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8  Hepatitis D – Same as for B, more serious, frequently leads to chronic liver diseases  Hepatitis E – As Hep A  Cirrhosis – Jaundice, abdominal distention, ascites (fluid in cavity), bleeding tendencies, edema, malabsorption of fats, gynecomastia, delerium tremens, hepatic coma  Cholecystitis – upper right pain, nausea, indigestion, belching  Cholelithiasis – None – or upper right pain following a meal

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9  Pancreatitis – Acute, sever, sharp radiating abdominal pain, risk of hemorrhage, jaundice, vomiting, malabsorption