Measuring R&D in the social sciences: data availability and gaps Laudeline Auriol, OECD Strategic Workshop: Addressing the Shortage of Data on the Social Sciences and Humanities September 2010

Social sciences and humanities (SSH) in the Frascati manual SSH were included only from the 3 rd edition of the Frascati manual in 1976 Definition of R&D: Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.

The Frascati fields of science classification A fields of science (FoS) classification is proposed in the Frascati Manual It is recommended as a principal sub- classification in the higher education and private non-profit sectors (institutional classification) It is also recommended as a functional classification in the government, higher education and private non-profit sectors

Revision of the FoS classification Revised version from 2006  STI/EAS/STP/NESTI(2006)19/FINAL The major 6 fields were sub-categorised into the 2-digit level “Other” categories were attached to every major field in order to keep the classification flexible and allow for the appearance of new areas of studies. The “other” categories of engineering and technology, social sciences and humanities in the FM 2002 were split into several sub-categories. In particular, “bio-technology” and “nano-technology” were newly introduced in the “Engineering and technology” field. Data collection and reporting of the major six fields guarantee international comparability of the R&D data over time.

The FoS classification at the first digit level 1.Natural sciences 2.Engineering and technology 3.Medical and health sciences 4.Agricultural sciences 5.Social sciences 6.Humanities

5. Social sciences 5.1 Psychology Psychology (including human - machine relations); Psychology, special (including therapy for learning, speech, hearing, visual and other physical and mental disabilities); 5.2 Economics and Business Economics, Econometrics; Industrial relations; Business and Management; 5.3 Educational sciences Education, general; including training, pedagogy, didactics; Education, special (to gifted persons, those with learning disabilities); 5.4 Sociology Sociology; Demography; Anthropology, ethnology, Social topics (Women’s and gender studies; Social issues; Family studies, Social work);

5. Social sciences 5.5 Law Law, criminology, penology; 5.6 Political science Political science; public administration; organisation theory; 5.7 Social and economic geography Environmental sciences (social aspects); Cultural and economic geography; Urban studies (Planning and development); Transport planning and social aspects of transport (transport engineering to be 2.1); 5.8 Media and communications Journalism; Information science (social aspects); Library science; Media and socio-cultural communication; 5.9 Other social sciences Social sciences, interdisciplinary; Other social sciences;

6. Humanities 6.1 History and Archaeology History (history of science and technology to be 6.3, history of specific sciences to be under the respective headings); Archaeology; 6.2 Languages and Literature General language studies; Specific languages; General literature studies; Literary theory; Specific literatures; Linguistics; 6.3 Philosophy, Ethics and Religion Philosophy, History and philosophy of science and technology; Ethics (except ethics related to specific subfields); Theology; Religious studies; 6.4 Arts (arts, history of arts, performing arts, music) Arts, Art history; Architectural design; Performing arts studies (Musicology, Theater science, Dramaturgy); Folklore studies; Studies on Film, Radio and Television; 6.5 Other humanities

Data collected at the OECD level 2 nd digit level: –GERD by sector of performance and FoS –Headcount researchers (and female researchers) by sector of employment and FoS 1 st digit level: –Tot. R&D personnel by sector and FoS (FTE) –Researchers (and female researchers) by sector of employments and FoS (FTE) –HERD/PNP exp. by source of funds and FoS –HERD/PNP exp. by type of costs and FoS

R&D expenditure in the social sciences as a percentage of total HERD

R&D expenditure in the social science as a percentage of total GOVERD

Percentage distribution of HERD in the SSH across disciplines

Percentage distribution of GOVERD in the SSH across disciplines

To summarise Gaps in the measurement of social science R&D are linked to: –The late inclusion of SSH in the Frascati definition and recommendations –To the more general weaknesses and challenges in the measurement of R&D In particular, better data on the business (services) and private non-profit sectors would be needed (in Portugal, the share of R&D in social sciences reaches 14% of BERD) There are many existing fields of science classifications used at national level for different purposes  the Frascati classification is a compromise aimed at achieving a minimum level of comparability at international level Better correspondence with ISCED fields of study would be needed

Thank you!