Introduction to the Session 6 - Theme 4 – on “Water Resources Management and Governance”

Integrated Water Resources Management implies three main elements: The Concept of Integrated Water Resources Management Economic Equity Environmental Sustainability Management Instruments  Assessment  Information  Allocation Instruments Enabling Environment  Policies  Legislation Institutional Framework  Central - Local  River Basin  Public - Private Balance “water for livelihood” and “water as a resource”

IWRM: A cross-sectoral approach Water for people Water for food Water for nature Water for other uses Cross-sectoral integration Enabling environment Institutions Management tools

Implementation frameworks For IWRM Framework for water governance Framework for water infrastructure development Framework for water and sanitation service delivery Framework for water efficiency improvements

Addressing vulnerability: “Vulnerability of Water Resources to Environmental Change in Africa” Aim: Aim: Managing vulnerability risks at transboundary, national and local, river/lake/groundwater basin and catchment levels Action: Action: Assessment of effects of environmental and human driven changes on water resources Impact: Impact: Management and long-term conservation of ecosystems – Strategy and policy development - Awareness creation… Where are water resources most at risk? Africa’s high dependence on natural resources makes people vulnerable to environmental change Where are water resources most at risk? Background

We don‘t know yet Vulnerability is multifaceted: Climate variability; Pollution; Population growth; Competition over water; Data availability and quality; Knowledge gaps… Why we need vulnerability assessments  People already live on the threshold  Ecosystems are at high risk For whom it is important Government, Policy and decision-makers and affected communities... Where are water resources most at risk?

The river, lake, groundwater basin approach Basin approach supposes:  Balances resource protection and utilization  Considers all components hydrological cycle  Incorporates IWRM principles (equity / efficiency / sustainability) Seeks to maintain a balance between competing pressures  Resource integrity in the long-term  Social upliftment and advancement  Economic growth and use of environmental resources

Key parameters and indicators

Water Scarcity  Physiography  Socio-Economy  Management ClimateEcosystems Surface Water GroundwaterDemographyEconomyLegislationInstitutionalKnowledgeCluster Water Availability Water Use Indicator

Physiography Climate  Extreme events and impacts Ecosystems  Impacts of land use changes Surface Water  Distribution, quantity and quality  Storage and supply infrastructure Groundwater Socio-Economy Demography  Population growth and urbanisation  Water related diseases and HIV/Aids  Access to safe water and sanitation services  Water use  Water related conflicts Economy Management Legislation  Governance of water resources  Implementation and adaptive capacity (finances, human res.) Institutional Knowledge  Data availability and quality  Knowledge gaps (climate change, water pollution, water res.) Key issues, adaptation and mitigation

Northern Africa Nile River Basin Nubian Groundwater Basin

Nile River and Nubian Groundwater Basins Vulnerable: high aridity, low water availability, high poverty and moderate management

Western Africa Senegal and Niger River Basins

High aridity, low water availability, water scarcity Vulnerable: high poverty, delayed sector reform, very low adaptive capacity

Southern Africa Zambezi and Orange River Basins

High aridity, low water availability, water scarcity Vulnerable: inadequate access, management and poverty

Key Issues – 1 Physiography Climate change & variability  Increased frequency of droughts and floods  Small reduction in Rainfall Large reduction in river flow …Persistent drought in the Sahel since 1970s… (includes largest part of Niger River Basin) Ecosystems  Biodiversity  Desertification  Wetland degradation …Deteriorating ecosystem integrity Lake Victoria Basin… Surface Water  Limited resources, unevenly distributed & over-exploited …Nubian Sst Aquifer Basin: non-renewable water resource…  Pollution …Industrial & municipal effluent loading Orange River Basin… Groundwater Key Issues

Key Issues – 2 Socio-Economy Demography  High population growth rate in urban areas  Water related diseases and HIV/Aids …Southern Africa has the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS…  Poor water and sanitation coverage and service delivery …Inadequate access to clean water and sanitation in peri-urban and rural areas…  Agriculture most important economic activity and biggest water consumer (80%)  Competition for water …High competition between irrigators and hydropower in Rufiji Basin… Economy

Key Issues – 3 Management Legislation  Water legislation  Inadequate institutional strength and capacity..Establishment of Co-operative Frameworks for Managing Shared Waters in the context of IWRM.. Institutional Knowledge  Data access, sharing, reliability and standardisation  Monitoring  Knowledge Gaps - Insufficient insight into climate change and variability - Water pollution inadequately addressed - Groundwater recharge largely unknown - Environmental Flow Requirements largely unknown   Water Scarcity   Water Scarcity    Water resources are at risk and water stress is expected to increase…

Adaptation and Mitigation Options Institutional & Legislative Framework  Water Sector Reforms  Managing (shared) waters and ecosystems  Communities' responses to water stress Capacity Building  Capacity enhancement programmes Data & Monitoring  Data rescue  Standardized assessments  Monitoring for improved early warning systems and effective water management Technologies  Surface / groundwater storage and use  Rainwater harvesting  Improvement urban water supply  Investment in wastewater treatment  Improvements in agricultural techniques  Water Trade