The Water-Soluble Vitamins B Vitamins and Vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Vitamins Vitamins vs carbohydrates, fats, and proteins –Structure Individual units –Function Coenzymes and other –Food contents mcg or mg Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Vitamins Bioavailability Precursors Organic nature Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Vitamins Solubility Toxicity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Vitamins Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Vitamins Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The B Vitamins Coenzymes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Thiamin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other names: Vitamin B RDA –men: 1.2 mg/day –women: 1.1 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism

Thiamin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Significant sources –Whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products –Moderate amounts in all nutritious food –Pork Easily destroyed by heat

Thiamin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Deficiency disease –Beriberi Wet, with edema Dry, with muscle wasting Deficiency symptoms –Enlarged heart, cardiac failure –Muscular weakness –Apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability –Anorexia, weight loss Toxicity symptoms: none reported

Thiamin Sources Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Riboflavin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Riboflavin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other names: Vitamin B RDA –Men: 1.3 mg/day –Women: 1.1 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism.

Riboflavin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Significant sources –Milk products (yogurt, cheese) –Enriched or whole grains –Liver Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation

Riboflavin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Deficiency disease: ariboflavinosis Deficiency symptoms –Inflamed eyelids and sensitivity to light, reddening of cornea –Sore throat –Cracks and redness at corners of mouth –Painful, smooth, purplish red tongue –Inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales Toxicity symptoms: none reported

Riboflavin Sources Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Niacin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other names –Nicotinic acid –Nicotinamide –Niacinamide –Vitamin B 3 Precursor: dietary tryptophan 1998 RDA –Men: 16 mg NE/day –Women: 14 mg NE/day Upper level for adults: 35 mg/day

Niacin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Chief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism Significant sources –Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish –Whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals –Nuts –All protein-containing foods

Niacin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Deficiency disease: pellagra Deficiency symptoms –Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting –Inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue –Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache –Bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight

Niacin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Toxicity symptoms –Painful flush, hives, and rash (“niacin flush”) –Excessive sweating –Blurred vision –Liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

Niacin Sources Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Biotin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning 1998 adequate intake (AI) –Adults: 30 g/day Chief functions in the body –Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis Significant sources –Widespread in foods –Organ meats, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains –Also produced by GI bacteria

Biotin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Deficiency symptoms –Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs –Red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth –Hair loss Toxicity symptoms: none reported

Pantothenic Acid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning 1998 adequate intake (AI) –Adults: 5 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism Significant sources –Widespread in foods –Organ meats, mushrooms, avocados, broccoli, whole grains Easily destroyed by food processing

Pantothenic Acid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Deficiency symptoms –Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps –Insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy –Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin Toxicity symptoms: none reported

Vitamin B 6 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other names –Pyridoxine –Pyridoxal –Pyridoxamine 1998 RDA –Adults (19-50 years): 1.3 mg/day Upper level for adults: 100 mg/day

Vitamin B 6 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Chief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism –Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin –Helps to make red blood cells

Vitamin B 6 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Significant sources –Meats, fish, poultry –Potatoes, legumes, noncitrus fruits –Fortified cereals –Liver –Soy products Deficiency symptoms –Scaly dermatitis –Anemia (small-cell type) –Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions

Vitamin B 6 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Toxicity symptoms –Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches –Nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions –Skin lesions

Vitamin B 6 Sources Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Folate Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Folate Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Folate Absorption Activation –Vitamin B 12 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Folate Recommendations –Dietary folate equivalents (DFE) Natural = 1X Synthetic = 1.7 X natural because it is more bioavailable Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Folate Neural tube defects –Spina bifida Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Jan 1998

Folate Heart disease Cancer Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Folate: In Summary Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other names –Folic acid –Folacin –Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) 1998 RDA –Adults: 400 g/day Upper level for adults: 1000 g/day

Folate: In Summary Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Chief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation Significant sources –Fortified grains –Leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds –Liver

Folate: In Summary Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Deficiency symptoms –Anemia (large-cell type) –Smooth, red tongue –Mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache Toxicity symptoms –Masks vitamin B 12 -deficiency symptoms

Folate Sources Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin B 12 Activation –Folate Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin B 12 Absorption –HCl –Pepsin –Intrinsic factor Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency of folate or B 12 produces pernicious anemia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin B 12 : In Summary Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other names: cobalamin (and related forms) 1998 RDA –Adults: 2.4 g/day Chief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis –Helps to maintain nerve cells –Reforms folate coenzyme –Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids

Vitamin B 12 : In Summary Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Significant sources –Animal products (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs) –Fortified cereals Easily destroyed by microwave cooking Deficiency disease: pernicious anemia

Vitamin B 12 : In Summary Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Deficiency symptoms –Anemia (large-cell type) –Fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis Toxicity symptoms: none reported

Non-B Vitamins Choline Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Non-B Vitamins Inositol Carnitine Vitamin imposters Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Metabolic Pathways Involving B Vitamins

The B Vitamins B vitamin deficiencies –Glossitis –Cheilosis B vitamin toxicities B vitamin food sources Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Other name: ascorbic acid 2000 RDA –Men: 90 mg/day –Women: 75 mg/day –Smokers: + 35 mg/day Upper level for adults: 2000 mg/day

Vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Chief functions in the body –Collagen synthesis Strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth –Antioxidant –Thyroxin synthesis –Amino acid metabolism –Strengthens resistance to infection –Helps in absorption of iron

Vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Significant sources –Citrus fruits –Cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables (such as bell peppers and broccoli) –Cantaloupe, strawberries –Lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes –Papayas, mangoes Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

Vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Deficiency disease: scurvy Deficiency symptoms –Anemia (small-cell type) –Atherosclerotic plaques –Pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility, joint pain –Poor wound healing, frequent infections, bleeding gums, loosened teeth –Muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, depression, rough skin, blotchy bruises

Vitamin C Deficiency disease: scurvy Deficiency symptoms –the four Hs –Hemorrhage Bleeding –Hyperkeratosis Flaky skin; poor wound healing –Hematologic Anemia (fatigue) –Hypochondriasis Depression, anxiety, hysteria

Vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Toxicity symptoms –Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea –Headache, fatigue, insomnia –Hot flashes, rashes –Interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones

Vitamin C Sources Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning 5 servings of fruits and vegetables provides about 210 mg

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Arguments for supplements –Correct overt deficiencies –Improve nutrition status –Reduce disease risks –Support increased nutrient needs –Improve the body’s defenses Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Who needs supplements? Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Arguments against supplements –Toxicity –Life-threatening misinformation –Unknown needs –False sense of security –Other invalid reasons Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Bioavailability Antagonistic actions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Selection of supplements –Form –Contents –Misleading claims –Cost Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Regulation of supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

An Example of a Supplement Label Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning