THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Coaching Science in South America John H. Salmela, Ph. D. University of Ottawa, Canada Newton S. Vianna Jr., M. Sc. FACSAL, Brazil

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior South America 1.BrazilPortuguese 2.ArgentinaSpanish 3.BoliviaSpanish 4.ChileSpanish 5.ColombiaSpanish 6.EcuadorSpanish 7.ParaguaySpanish 8.PeruSpanish 9.UruguaySpanish 10.VenezuelaSpanish 11.French GuianaFrench 12.GuyanaEnglish 13.SurinameDutch

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Research Coach education and the sport structure (questionnaire): South American sport psychology congress 11 coaches and psychologists from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay. Except those from Brazil, most South Americans have been trained in psychology, but a few also in sport science or physical education. South American sport psychology congress 11 coaches and psychologists from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay. Except those from Brazil, most South Americans have been trained in psychology, but a few also in sport science or physical education. Level III international gymnastics coaching course (FIG), in Brazil, 5 coaches from Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. Level III international gymnastics coaching course (FIG), in Brazil, 5 coaches from Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. contact with experts. contact with experts.

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Research Coach publication in sport: Research internet sites in South America in Portuguese and Spanish, to find books and articles produced and published about coaching in South America. Research internet sites in South America in Portuguese and Spanish, to find books and articles produced and published about coaching in South America.

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Results Publications In Portuguese - Brazil Coaches (Google) the term “técnico” or “treinador” resulted in just a few results, most part presented as free papers in national events, not published nor became available online. Coaches (Google) the term “técnico” or “treinador” resulted in just a few results, most part presented as free papers in national events, not published nor became available online. The few publications or unpublished thesis regarding coaches available in some online journals were not updated until The few publications or unpublished thesis regarding coaches available in some online journals were not updated until The 31 articles and thesis were related to: aerobic gymnastics (1), artistic gymnastics (2), basketball (2), team handball (4), soccer (13), tennis (1), volleyball (4), and about coaches in general (5). The 31 articles and thesis were related to: aerobic gymnastics (1), artistic gymnastics (2), basketball (2), team handball (4), soccer (13), tennis (1), volleyball (4), and about coaches in general (5).

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Results Publications In Spanish The research was more restricted but with more articles, especially on “EFDeport”, an online journal from Argentina, that publishes in Spanish and Portuguese. The research was more restricted but with more articles, especially on “EFDeport”, an online journal from Argentina, that publishes in Spanish and Portuguese. The results for the different terms related to coach were: “coach” (105), “entrenador(es)” (1.210), “tecnico(s)” (1.770). The results for the different terms related to coach were: “coach” (105), “entrenador(es)” (1.210), “tecnico(s)” (1.770). In Portuguese and Spanish the word “técnico(a)” is also used for “technique”, so many times the article was related to technical gestures or sports techniques. In Portuguese and Spanish the word “técnico(a)” is also used for “technique”, so many times the article was related to technical gestures or sports techniques. Some results were related to the name of the magazine or journal, or used as keywords. Some results were related to the name of the magazine or journal, or used as keywords.

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Results Questionnaire These 16 professionals worked with basketball, futsal, gymnastics, handball, soccer and volleyball. These 16 professionals worked with basketball, futsal, gymnastics, handball, soccer and volleyball. They also provided information about baseball, boxing, cycling, field hockey, golf, judo, speed skating, synchronized swimming, swimming, tennis, athletics, weightlifting and wrestling. They also provided information about baseball, boxing, cycling, field hockey, golf, judo, speed skating, synchronized swimming, swimming, tennis, athletics, weightlifting and wrestling. In Brazil, Sport Psychology is taught and developed for the most part by professionals in physical education, while in the other countries almost only psychologists are responsible for researches and interventions. In Brazil, Sport Psychology is taught and developed for the most part by professionals in physical education, while in the other countries almost only psychologists are responsible for researches and interventions.

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Results Questionnaire Topic YesNoSomeN/A 1-Does coach training exist in your country? Do physical education courses prepare coaches? Are there specialized courses in coaches? Are there post-graduate courses in coaching? Are there racial factors that affect coaching?8602 Table 1 – Answers of Training Coaches for this South American Sample of 16 Specialists N/A – not applicable or did not answer

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Results Questionnaire Table 2 - Learning Processes of these Coaches N/A – not applicable or did not answer 1-Did you learn coaching from courses? Did you learn coaching from your own experience? Did you learn coaching from books? Did you learn coaching from other coaches?912 Yes 1 st option 2 nd option

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Results Questionnaire Table 3 - How to Improve the Training Processes for Coaches in your Country Sport specific university courses with practical components8 Integration between coaches from different disciplines5 Better course organization2 More governmental financial support1

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Results Among all of the sports in South America, the only official national programs for coach education are: Brazilian Volleyball Federation (CBV). Brazilian Volleyball Federation (CBV). Argentinean basketball national federation. Argentinean basketball national federation. Gymnastics = FIG courses have been used to develop coaches. Gymnastics = FIG courses have been used to develop coaches. Basketball = Courses of the South American federation. Basketball = Courses of the South American federation. Soccer = FIFA center, in Chile, to develop coaches in South America. Soccer = FIFA center, in Chile, to develop coaches in South America. Brazilian Soccer School was created, beginning in July of Brazilian Soccer School was created, beginning in July of Brazilian Federations of basketball and gymnastics are developing their programs based on Brazilian volleyball courses. Brazilian Federations of basketball and gymnastics are developing their programs based on Brazilian volleyball courses.

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Conclusion In Brazil, to become a coach, a PE superior course is required and also the registration in the PE professional council. In Brazil, to become a coach, a PE superior course is required and also the registration in the PE professional council. Brazilian professionals in some sports, such as soccer, martial arts and dance, who learned from their own experience before working as a coach, have the right to, after a special course, to continue working in that specific area. Brazilian professionals in some sports, such as soccer, martial arts and dance, who learned from their own experience before working as a coach, have the right to, after a special course, to continue working in that specific area. Most coaches in other sports in South America don’t have a PE course. Most coaches in other sports in South America don’t have a PE course. Maybe soccer is the sport that has more coaches without a physical education course in Brazil and in South America. Maybe soccer is the sport that has more coaches without a physical education course in Brazil and in South America.

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Conclusion For sure, in South America, the most prepared coaches are in Brazilian volleyball, which has a system to develop coach education, recognized as among the best in the world. For sure, in South America, the most prepared coaches are in Brazilian volleyball, which has a system to develop coach education, recognized as among the best in the world. The structure of courses in Brazilian volleyball is now the reference for the other sports which are trying to define their own coach education system in Brazil, such as soccer, basketball, trampoline and artistic gymnastics. The structure of courses in Brazilian volleyball is now the reference for the other sports which are trying to define their own coach education system in Brazil, such as soccer, basketball, trampoline and artistic gymnastics.

THE 12 TH WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY International Society of Sport Psychology – ISSP – Marrakesh 2009 Salmela & Vianna Junior Thank you Merci Beaucoup Shukran John H. Salmela Newton Santos Vianna Júnior