Prehension  Lips, teeth, limbs, tongue (ingesta ) Mastication  Teeth  Salivary glands  Buccal  Lingual Deglutition  Pharynx  Larynx  Esophagus

 Herbivore  Omnivore  Carnivore Monogastric Stomach  Cardiac Sphincter  Fundus  Pyloric sphincter  Gastric Enzymes

Ruminant “Foregut Fermenters”  Rumen  Reticulum (“Honey comb”) food packed into balls “Chewing their cud”  Omasum (“Cannon ball”)  Abomasum (“True stomach”)

Small Intestines  Duodenum Liver/Gallbladder Pancreas  Jejunum  Ileum Large Intestines  Cecum  Ascending colon  Transverse colon  Descending colon Rectum Anus

 Esophagus  Crop (food storage with partial digestion)  Proventriculus (true stomach)  Gizzard (grinds up the seed)  Small Intestine  Ceca (microbial digestion)  Large Intestine  Cloaca (common chamber)  Vent

o Anorexia o Anus ◦ Ascites ◦ Cachexia ◦ Cirrhosis ◦ Constipation ◦ Coprophagia

◦ Dysentery (dys = painful, enter=intestines) ◦ Emaciation ◦ Emulsification ◦ Flatulence ◦ Fistula ◦ Icterus (jaundice) ◦ Splenomegaly

GDV (gastric dilatation volvulus)  Symptoms: unproductive vomiting; reluctance to move; bloating  Treatment: decompress the stomach with a stomach tube, surgically attach the stomach wall to the abdominal wall

Displaced Abomasum  Symptoms: bloat  Treatment: trochar, surgically attach the abomasum wall to the abdominal wall

Gastric Ulcers: Common with animals that have been given un-buffered aspirin. Most pathologic in foals. Common in pigs, ferrets, and horses.

Bloat Excessive accumulation of gas in both ruminant and simple stomachs. Trocar to relieve pressure

Hardware Disease – perforation of the reticular wall by a metal object  Symptoms: decreased appetite, salivation, weight loss  Diagnose: put pressure between the shoulder blades and see if the animal drops to their knees  Treatment: place several magnets down the throat into the stomach

Ruminal Fistula Permanent opening of the rumen to the outside used to study rumen physiology and nutrition

Torsion of the intestine  Twisting of the intestine and cutting off blood supply  Severe abdominal cramping occur Intussuception  A segment of the intestine inverts (telescope)  Symptons include acute vomiting, severe abdominal cramping Small bowel intussusception at the jejunum area

Rectal prolapse  Protrusion through the anus of the rectal mucosa  Uncommon in most species but common place in the pig because of the anatomical weakness in the area and reptiles

Feline Hepatic Lipidosis – accumulation of fat within the liver.  Symptoms include anorexia, vomiting, lethargy Pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas  cats – have no definitive symptoms  dogs – persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea

Colic – severe abdominal pain in horses Types of colic:  Idiopathic - no root cause determined. (over 80% of all colics)  Impaction - sand, dirt, feed, or other indigestible material.  Gas (spasmodic  Gastric rupture  Enteritis  Strangulation/torsion

Vomiting (emesis) – CNS reflex