Politicas de Formacion en Psicologica: Una Vision desde el American Psychological Asssociation Universidad de los Andes, Agosto 26, 2004 Antonio E. Puente, Ph.D. Department of Psychology University of North Carolina at Wilmington Wilmington, North Carolina USA

Introductory Remarks English Power-point; Spanish Narrative English Power-point; Spanish Narrative Thank You and Congratulations Thank You and Congratulations Post-presentation Communication & Information Post-presentation Communication & Information Dedication Dedication To Krista Puente (my oldest child) To Krista Puente (my oldest child) On her birthday and first day of graduate school in Clinical Psychology (Florida Institute of Technology) On her birthday and first day of graduate school in Clinical Psychology (Florida Institute of Technology)

Background Heritage Heritage Education Education Academic & Clinical Interests Academic & Clinical Interests Experience within APA (examples) Experience within APA (examples) Task Force on Psychopharmacology (member) Task Force on Psychopharmacology (member) Committee for Undergraduate Education (chair) Committee for Undergraduate Education (chair) Committee for Continuing Education (chair) Committee for Continuing Education (chair) Policy and Planning Board (two terms) Policy and Planning Board (two terms) Division of Clinical Neuropsychology (president) Division of Clinical Neuropsychology (president)

Outline Brief History of Psychology in the United States (with a Focus on APA) Brief History of Psychology in the United States (with a Focus on APA) Panorama of the American Psychological Association Panorama of the American Psychological Association Current Pedagogy in American Psychology Current Pedagogy in American Psychology Challenges to Pedagogy in American Psychology Challenges to Pedagogy in American Psychology Current Issues in the Pedagogy and Formation of Psychologists Current Issues in the Pedagogy and Formation of Psychologists

Brief History of American Psychology Beginnings Beginnings Academic Psychology Academic Psychology Clinical Psychology Clinical Psychology

History: The Beginnings The Wundt Effect The Wundt Effect Ivy League & Northern Universities Ivy League & Northern Universities The Initial Academic Role of Psychology The Initial Academic Role of Psychology American Psychological Association American Psychological Association

History: Academic Psychology Science Science Psychological Review 1894 (purchase) Psychological Review 1894 (purchase) First Laboratory 1885 Harvard First Laboratory 1885 Harvard Later Laboratories at Hopkins, Penn, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, Cornell, Columbia, etc. Later Laboratories at Hopkins, Penn, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, Cornell, Columbia, etc. Pedagogy Pedagogy First Undergrad. Course 1840 Marshall First Undergrad. Course 1840 Marshall First Graduate Course 1847 Yale First Graduate Course 1847 Yale First PhD Granted 1861 Yale First PhD Granted 1861 Yale First Textbook1890James First Textbook1890James

History: clinical Psychology (i.e., Health Providers) WW II and the VA System ( ) WW II and the VA System ( ) Licensing Laws ( ) Licensing Laws ( ) Third Party/Insurance Reimbursement ( ) Third Party/Insurance Reimbursement ( ) Medicare/Medicaid Programs (1990-present) Medicare/Medicaid Programs (1990-present) Proliferation of Specialties in Psychology (2000-present) Proliferation of Specialties in Psychology (2000-present)

Panorama of the American Psychological Association The Beginning The Beginning Current Membership Analyses Current Membership Analyses Recent Trends in Membership Recent Trends in Membership

Panorama of APA: The Beginning Model (American Physiological Society) Model (American Physiological Society) Preliminary Meeting Preliminary Meeting July, 8, 1892 July, 8, 1892 Worcester, Mass. (Clark University) Worcester, Mass. (Clark University) 26 (attendance) + 2 (no invitation) + 3 (new PhDs) 26 (attendance) + 2 (no invitation) + 3 (new PhDs) Two Jews, One Catholic Priest, Psychiatrists… Two Jews, One Catholic Priest, Psychiatrists… First Formal Meeting First Formal Meeting December, 1898 December, 1898 University of Pennsylvania (2 nd Columbia) University of Pennsylvania (2 nd Columbia) 18 Attended and Presented Papers 18 Attended and Presented Papers Hall Elected President Hall Elected President

Panorama of APA: Membership (2002 Date: APA Research Office) Total Total 92,928 (minus students) 92,928 (minus students) 2% Hispanic 2% Hispanic Gender Gender Male48.6% Male48.6% Female50.9% Female50.9% Age Age Less than 30 2% Less than 30 2% Less than 4014% Less than 4014% Less than 5022% Less than 5022% Less than 6032% Less than 6032% Less than 7012% Less than 7012% Over 7010% Over 7010%

Panorama of APA: Membership Health Provider69.8% Health Provider69.8% Research19.7% Research19.7% Other10.5% Other10.5%

Panorama of APA: Membership Health Provider Health Provider Clinical50% Clinical50% Counseling11% Counseling11% School 4% School 4% Child Clinical 3% Child Clinical 3% Health 2% Health 2% Research Research Industrial/Org. 5% Industrial/Org. 5% Developmental 3% Developmental 3% Social 3% Social 3% Educational 2% Educational 2% Experimental 2% Experimental 2%

Panorama of APA: New Members (last 7 years) Degree Degree Ph.D.74.7%(mean = 7 yrs.) Ph.D.74.7%(mean = 7 yrs.) Psy.D.17.1%(mean = 4 yrs.) Psy.D.17.1%(mean = 4 yrs.) Ed.D. 2.8% Ed.D. 2.8%

Panorama of APA: New Members Clinical Clinical Clinical46% Clinical46% Counseling10% Counseling10% School 4% School 4% Health 3% Health 3% Total68% Total68%

Panorama of APA: New Members Academic Academic Industrial/Organizational6% Industrial/Organizational6% Developmental 4% Developmental 4% Educational3% Educational3% Cognitive2% Cognitive2% Total 23% Total 23%

Relationship to Related Disciplines Academic Academic Medicine Medicine Neuroscience Neuroscience Clinical Clinical Psychiatry Psychiatry Social Work Social Work Related Health Professionals Related Health Professionals Social Security 1989’s Definition of a Physician Social Security 1989’s Definition of a Physician Affiliation with Non-Doctorate Level Providers Affiliation with Non-Doctorate Level Providers

Current Pedagogy in American Psychology The Undergraduate Experience The Undergraduate Experience The Graduate Experience The Graduate Experience The Post-doctorate Experience The Post-doctorate Experience The Continuing Education Experience The Continuing Education Experience

The Undergraduate Experience General Studies General Studies Electives Electives Psychology Major Psychology Major APA CUE Review (1985) APA CUE Review (1985) Liberal Arts Liberal Arts Experimental/Methodology Experimental/Methodology Typical Major Requirements Typical Major Requirements Introduction/General Introduction/General Statistics Statistics Experimental Experimental Menu Menu Applied Applied Research Research

The Graduate Experience Masters Masters State & Federal Guidelines State & Federal Guidelines Council of Masters’ Program Council of Masters’ Program Health Provider vs Research Health Provider vs Research 2-3 years (6 month internship if Health Provider) 2-3 years (6 month internship if Health Provider) Doctorate Doctorate State & Federal Guidelines State & Federal Guidelines Health Provider vs. Research Health Provider vs. Research

The Graduate Experience: Academic Focus on Research Focus on Research Limited Focus on Teaching (e.g. Epting, et al 2004, ToP) Limited Focus on Teaching (e.g. Epting, et al 2004, ToP)

The Graduate Experience (cont.) Health Provider Health Provider APA Accreditation Program (program & internships) APA Accreditation Program (program & internships) Ph.D. vs. Psy.D. Ph.D. vs. Psy.D. Course Work Course Work Masters Masters Doctorate Doctorate Comprehensive Examination Comprehensive Examination Research Research Internship Internship

The Postgraduate Experience Research Research 1-5 years 1-5 years Health Provider Health Provider 1-3 years 1-3 years Requirement for State Licensure Requirement for State Licensure Model Licensure Model Licensure Doctorate from an accredited program Doctorate from an accredited program Two years supervised clinical training Two years supervised clinical training State x State Requirements vary considerably State x State Requirements vary considerably

The Continuing Education Experience Academic Leaves Academic Leaves Licensing Requirements (APA Model) Licensing Requirements (APA Model) Reading Reading Workshops Workshops Formal, extended training Formal, extended training Peer Review Peer Review

Challenges to Pedagogy in American Psychology The Undergraduate Experience The Undergraduate Experience The Graduate Experience The Graduate Experience The Post-doctorate Experience The Post-doctorate Experience The Continuing Education Experience The Continuing Education Experience

Challenges: Undergraduate Pre-College Exposure Pre-College Exposure Advanced Placement Course (ETS) Advanced Placement Course (ETS) Varieties of Experiences (APA) Varieties of Experiences (APA) Popularity Popularity Single Largest Undergraduate Major in US Single Largest Undergraduate Major in US 1 million Students Take Psychology Courses per yr. 1 million Students Take Psychology Courses per yr. Pre-Professional vs. Liberal Arts Pre-Professional vs. Liberal Arts CUE/APA Statement on Liberal Arts CUE/APA Statement on Liberal Arts Pressure From Students for Career Opportunities with Bachelors Degrees Pressure From Students for Career Opportunities with Bachelors Degrees

Challenges: Graduate Overall Overall Length of training (4-7 years post BA; plus post-doc) Length of training (4-7 years post BA; plus post-doc) Costs (over $20,000 per year on average) Costs (over $20,000 per year on average) Difficulties in obtaining Admission (2-40%) Difficulties in obtaining Admission (2-40%) Academic Academic Declining Interest (versus health provider training) Declining Interest (versus health provider training) Variability of Education & Training Variability of Education & Training Health Provider Health Provider Proliferation of Free-Standing PsyD Program Proliferation of Free-Standing PsyD Program Specialization as a Post-doctoral Experience Specialization as a Post-doctoral Experience

Challenges: Graduate (cont.) Lack of Focus/Training on Teaching (e.g., Epting, et al, 2004, Teaching of Psychology) Lack of Focus/Training on Teaching (e.g., Epting, et al, 2004, Teaching of Psychology) Humor Humor Speaking Style Speaking Style Syllabus Syllabus Lectures Lectures Feedback Feedback Discussion Discussion Activities/Demonstrations Activities/Demonstrations

Challenges: Post-Graduate Academic Academic Length (Post-doctoral Careers) Length (Post-doctoral Careers) Preparation for Academic Opportunities Preparation for Academic Opportunities Limited Focus & Training on Teaching Limited Focus & Training on Teaching Health Provider Health Provider Matching Interests to Opportunities & Variety of Opportunities Matching Interests to Opportunities & Variety of Opportunities Practice Standards vs. Guidelines Practice Standards vs. Guidelines National College of Professional Psychology National College of Professional Psychology APA Specialties APA Specialties Clinical Neuropsychology Clinical Neuropsychology Clinical Psychology Clinical Psychology Counseling Counseling Family Family Industrial Industrial School School Health Health

Challenges: Continuing Education Half-Life of Information Half-Life of Information Retooling to Meet Marketplace and Personal Interests Shifts Retooling to Meet Marketplace and Personal Interests Shifts CE Requirement for Continued Licensure CE Requirement for Continued Licensure

Current Issues in American Psychology (APA Survey, 2002) Marketplace Marketplace Public Perception Public Perception Expanding Paradigms Expanding Paradigms

Current Issues: Marketplace Academic Paradigms Academic Paradigms Feminization of Psychology Feminization of Psychology Retirement of Faculty Retirement of Faculty Changing Universities (e.g., profit driven) Changing Universities (e.g., profit driven) Health Provider Paradigms Health Provider Paradigms Psychiatric (from WWII to 1990s) Psychiatric (from WWII to 1990s) Neurological (decade of the brain) Neurological (decade of the brain) Health/Medical (2000-present) Health/Medical (2000-present) Forensics/Legal (2000-present) Forensics/Legal (2000-present) Sports, Business, Government, etc. (developing) Sports, Business, Government, etc. (developing)

Current Issues: Perception of Psychology APA Survey APA Survey Misperception of; Misperception of; Our Education Our Education Science Base Science Base Difference with Psychiatry Difference with Psychiatry Ronald Levant’s (APA President) Initiative Ronald Levant’s (APA President) Initiative “to make psychology a household word” “to make psychology a household word”

Current Issues: Expanding Paradigms Academic Academic Supporting Traditional Areas and Scientific Basis of Psychology Supporting Traditional Areas and Scientific Basis of Psychology Evolving into New Areas (e.g., Evolutionary Psychology) Evolving into New Areas (e.g., Evolutionary Psychology) Health Provider Health Provider From Psychiatry > Neurological > Health > Forensics > Beyond From Psychiatry > Neurological > Health > Forensics > Beyond Industrial (Walmart) vs Niche (Boutique) Industrial (Walmart) vs Niche (Boutique) The Challenge of Prescription Privileges (NM, LA) The Challenge of Prescription Privileges (NM, LA) Interface of Academic and Health Provider Interface of Academic and Health Provider Psychology Cannot Exist Without Both, Interacting Psychology Cannot Exist Without Both, Interacting We are the Only Profession that Teaches Undergraduates We are the Only Profession that Teaches Undergraduates Public Policy Public Policy Economics Drive a Discipline Economics Drive a Discipline Advocacy Through Legislation Advocacy Through Legislation

The Future? Change…lots of change Change…lots of change