דמם מדרכי העיכול סמינר גסטרו'-כירורגי מבוא לרפואה שנה ד'

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Presentation transcript:

דמם מדרכי העיכול סמינר גסטרו'-כירורגי מבוא לרפואה שנה ד'

2 מקרה מס' 1  בן 45 פונה למיון בשל תלונה של שחרה מזה 24 שעות  ברקע – בריא בד"כ מזה שבועיים נוטל Etopan בשל כאבי גב לא עבר עד היום ניתוחים או אשפוזים מעשן 1 קופסה ליום 30 שנה אינו שותה אלכוהול, לא ידועה רגישות לתרופות משפחה – אב עם יל"ד וסוכרת

3  מה גישתך לחולה זה? הערכה המודינאמית אנמנזה בדיקה גופנית בדיקות מעבדה בדיקות דימות בדיקת אנדוסקופיה

4 Clinical Presentation Hematemesis: bloody vomitus (bright red or coffee- grounds) Melena: black, tarry, foul-smelling stool Hematochezia: bright red or maroon blood per rectum Occult: positive guaiac test Symptoms of anemia: angina, dyspnea, or lightheadedness

5 הערכה המודינאמית  מדדים בשכיבה: - דופק 84/דקה - ל"ד 115/80 - מעט חיוור, ללא כיחלון, ללא קוצר נשימה  מדדים בישיבה: - דופק 120/דקה - ל"ד 90/60 - חיוור, מזיע, לא יציב

6  דגשים באנמנזה  גורמי סיכון סיפור קודם של דמם או מחלה פפטית שחמת הכבד הפרעה בתפקודי קרישה אספירין או NSAIDs בדיקה גופנית הערכה המודינאמית - סימנים חיוניים - הכנסת ונפלון - הצלבת סוג דם והזמנת דם - תיקון קואגולופטיה בדיקות עזר / מעבדה - תפקודי קרישה - ספירת דם (המוגלובין) - יחס אוראה/ קראטינין

7  הכנסת זונדה – N-G Tube - בדיקת תוכן הקיבה - שטיפת הקיבה  אבחנה מבדלת

8 Hemodynamics Blood loss(% of intravascular volume) Severity of bleeding Normal< 10minor Orthostatic hypotension or tachycardia 10-20moderate Shock20-25massive

9

10  In hemodynamically unstable … - Set up two large-bore IV catheter - Colloid solution (NS or lactated Ringer’s)  To restore vital signs !!  ICU monitoring is indicated  Central venous monitoring  F/U vital sign and urine output Resuscitation

11 Indication for Blood Transfusion  Liberal Vs restrictive approach - A threshold of g per deciliter Vs 9  Special Considerations Ischemia  Cardiac  Cerebral  Peripheral Rate of blood loss 7  Mortality  Rebleeding

12 Location of Bleeding  Upper Proximal to Ligament of Treitz Melena ( cc of blood) Azotemia Nasogatric aspirate  Lower Distal to Ligament of Treitz Hematochezia

13  Peptic ulcer disease Gastric ulcer Duodenal ulcer  Mallory-Weiss tear  Portal hypertension Esophagogastric varices Gastropathy  Esophagitis  Dieulafoy’s lesion  Vascular anomalies  Hemobilia  Hemorrhagic gastropathy  Aortoenteric fistula  Neoplasms Gastric cancer Kaposi’s sarcoma Acute UGIB Differential Diagnosis

14 EGD- Potential Complications  Perforation of esophagus  Aspiration  Desaturation or respiratory distress  Adverse reaction to conscious sedation  ↑risk of complications with: Inadequate resuscitation or hypotension Comorbidities  Consider elective intubation prior to EGD if active bleeding, altered respiratory or mental status

15 גסטרוסקופיה

16 Acute UGIB Causes in CURE Hemostasis Studies (n=948) Savides et al. Endoscopy 1996;28:244-8.

17 Adjuvant Medical Therapy of PUD Acid suppression (intragastric pH > 4) Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RAs)  Ranitidine (Zantac)  Famotidine (Gastro, Famo) Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)- IV vs. PO  Omeprazole (Omepradex, Losec)  Pantoprazole (Controloc)  Lansoprazole (Lanton)  Esomeprazole (Nexium)

18  Thermal Bipolar probe Monopolar probe Argon plasma coagulator Heater probe  Mechanical Hemoclips Band ligation  Injection Epinephrine Alcohol Ethanolamine Polidocal Endoscopic Therapy of PUD

19 Endoscopic Therapy of PUD Laine and Peterson New Eng J Med 1994;331:

20 Other Diagnostic Tests If bleeding is unresolved with endoscopy or endoscopy is contraindicated  Angiography (Diagnostic & Therapeutic) Intra-arterial vasopressin Embolization  Tagged red blood cell (TRBC) scan Only diagnostic & usually for occult bleeding More sensitive than angiography Can detect bleeding rate of mL/min

21 Role of Surgery  If medical and endoscopic therapy fail  In the event that bleeding source is unidentified -> exploratory laparotomy  Recurrent bleeding peptic ulcers Anti-ulcer surgery (i.e. vagotomy/antrectomy, or vagotomy/pyloroplasty, or selective vagot)

22 Prevention  After the acute situation is resolved, educate patient on preventive measures  Top 2 reasons for ulcers: H. pylori & NSAID  Testing for H. pylori (i.e. antral biopsy during endoscopy)  Treat H.pylori (amoxicill, clarithromycin plus PPI x2wk, then continue PPI)  Reduce intake of NSAID

23 מקרה מס' 2  גבר בן 60 מובא לחדר מיון לאחר שנמצא מעורפל הכרה בביתו (גר לבד).  במיון ניתן להעירו, אך מבולבל ושוקע חזרה.  ל"ד-100/60, דופק- 68, חום 36.6  תוך כדי בדיקתו במיון- הקאה של דם טרי

24  אנמנזה - נשא כרוני של הפטיטיס C - שותה אלכוהול- 1 בקבוק ויסקי ליום שנים רבות  בדיקה גופנית: - ישנוני, מבולבל, Flapping tremor - בטן תפוחה (מיימת) עם ציור ורידי בולט - palmar erythema + spider angioma

25  בדיקות מעבדה: - המוג' טסיות – 80,000 - INR: 2.7

26

27 דליות: טיפול תרופתי Drug of choice: Control bleeding and reduce mortality rate Glypressin (Terlipressin) 1 amp iv stat and q6h. Sandostatin  no evidence 2 amp iv drip stat and 12 amp in 500 c.c. D5W run 24 hours Pitressin -- Seldom used in recently years

28

29  After endoscopic treatment… Fail to achieve hemostasis or rebleeding Balloon tamponade Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) Surgery for shunt

30

31 מקרה מס' 3  בת 74 מתלוננת על אירוע חריף של דמם טרי רקטלי (דם מטפטף לאסלה)  מאד מבוהלת, חיוורת, ללא חיוורון או קוצר נשימה  ל"ד – 140/90, דופק: 88/דקה

32  אנמנזה - מאובחנת עם יל"ד, מחלת לב איסכמית יציבה - תרופות: Slow Deralin, Ocsaar, Micropyrin - לא עברה ניתוחים או אשפוזים - אביה נפטר בשל סרטן המעי הגס בגיל 68  בדיקה גופנית - בטן – רכה ללא רגישות ללא הגדלת כבד/טחול - בדיקה רקטלית- לא נימוש גוש, דם טרי על הכפפה  בדיקות מעבדה: - המוג': 12.5, טסיות: 228,000, תפקודי קרישה תקינים

33 Blood passed per rectum is possibly from the upper GI tract If bright red blood – massive bleeding Lower GI Bleeds Diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, CA, colitis, ischemia, hemorrhoids

34 Lower GI bleeding  80% resolve spontaneously  25 % will re – bleed  Usually painless  If painful, r/o mesenteric ischemia

35 Investigation of the lower GI bleeding The usual suspects: CBC, BUN, Creatinine, INR, PTT, T/S

36

37 Investigation of the lower GI bleed  Plain X-rays and abd. CT – not much help unless you clinically suspect perforation, obstruction, ischemia (PAIN)  Endoscopy : 80% accuracy Poor visibility with heavy bleeding  Angiography : 40–80% accuracy Requires heavy bleeding Able to perform embolization or vasopressin infusion

38  RBC scans  25 – 90% accurate  Able to do with lower bleeding rates

39 Take Home Points  Always, always perform ABC’s first & resuscitate with two #16ga IV’s & isotonic crystalloids (blood if pt doesn’t respond)  NGT/lavage to confirm active bleeding  Focused H&P looking for common causes: ulcers, varices, “-itis”, Mallory-Weiss, AVM

40  Endoscopy is 1 st line for acute UGIB Don’t forget to start intravenous PPI infusion  Endoscopy has associated complications  Angio or surgery if still bleeding Take Home Points -2