SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Chapter 14 Human Locomotion

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST In humans, locomotion involves the interaction of: 1. Bones 2. Cartilage 3. Muscles 4. Tendons 5. Ligaments

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST (I) Bones Composed mainly of calcium Made up of living bone cells and connective fiber tissue

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Bones provide: Support and protection of body organs Anchorage for muscles Leverage for muscles Bone marrow for the production of blood cells

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Bone Marrow Found in hollow cavities of bone These hollow cavities are known as the Haversian canals Produce: red blood cells white blood cells platelets

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Joints Where bone meets bone in an organism

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Types of Joints 1.Immovable joint 2.Ball-and-socket joint 3.Hinge joint 4.Gliding joint

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Immovable Joint Bones that are tightly fitted together

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Ball-and-Socket Joint Can move in all directions

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Hinge Joint Permits back and forth motion

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Gliding Joint Provides limited flexibility in all directions

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST (II) Cartilage Unlike bone, cartilage is flexible and elastic Found at joints, nose, and ear Absorbs shock

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Ossification The process by which cartilage gradually changes into bone Ex: In humans, the skeleton of an embryo is made up of mostly cartilage. By adulthood, most of this cartilage changes into bone by the process of ossification

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST (III) Muscles Three types of muscle: Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Skeletal Muscle Voluntary (can be controlled) Involved in locomotion Attached to bone Striated in appearance (striped) Function as antagonistic pairs

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Antagonistic Pairs Muscles work as opposites Ex: 1. Bicep contracts then triceps relaxes 2. Triceps contracts then the bicep relaxes

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Summary When the bicep contracts, the arm bends upward (flexes) and therefore the bicep is known as a flexor When the triceps contracts, the arm extends outward and therefore the triceps is known as an extensor

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Smooth Muscle Smooth and not striated in appearance Involuntary (cannot move) Found in: -walls of digestive organs -walls of arteries and veins -walls of internal organs

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Striated in appearance Involuntary

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST (IV) Attachments 1.Ligaments- connect bone to bone 2.Tendons- connect muscle to bone

SACCONE IS THE COOLEST (V) Disorders of Locomotion 1.Arthritis- inflammation of the joints 2.Tendonitis- inflammation of a tendon, usually where it is attached to the bone