PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART F 5 The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints  Articulations of bones  Functions of joints  Hold bones together  Allow for mobility  Ways joints are classified  Functionally  Structurally

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PAGE NEXT see Functional Classification of Joints  Synarthroses  Immovable joints  Amphiarthroses  Slightly moveable joints  Diarthroses  Freely moveable joints

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Classification of Joints  Fibrous joints (Synarthroses)  Generally immovable  Cartilaginous joints (Amphiarthroses)  Immovable or slightly moveable  Synovial joints (Diarthroses)  Freely moveable

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary of Joint Classes (see page 170) [Insert Table 5.3 here] Table 5.3

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints Figure 5.28a–b  Bones united by fibrous tissue Generally immovable EXAMPLE: Sutures

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints Figure 5.28c–e  Bones connected by cartilage  Example :  Pubic symphysis  Intervertebral joints

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints Figure 5.28f–h  Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Features of Synovial Joints  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces  A joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid  Ligaments reinforce the joint

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint  Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid  Not actually part of the joint  Tendon sheath  Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Synovial Joint Figure 5.29

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30a–c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30d–f

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints  Bursitis—inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis—inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis—inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Forms of Arthritis  Osteoarthritis (Most common chronic arthritis)  Probably related to normal aging processes  Rheumatoid arthritis (Often leads to deformities)  An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints  Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints  Gouty arthritis (Can usually be controlled with diet or daily medication)  Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood  Foods high in Purines, (Beef, Pork,Bacon, Lamb, Seafood, Foods with a significant amount of yeast such as beer and bread, Alcoholic beverages, Asparagus, Cauliflower, Mushrooms, Peas, Spinach, Whole-grain breads & cereals, White poultry meats, such as chicken, duck and turkey, Kidney and lima beans)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Osteoporosis  Bone-thinning disease afflicting  50% of women over age 65  20% of men over age 70  Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture  Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis (also known as dowager’s hump)  Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.35

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles and Body Movements  Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone  Muscles are attached to at least two points  Origin  Attachment to a moveable bone  Insertion  Attachment to an immovable bone

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles and Body Movements Figure 6.12

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements  Flexion  Decreases the angle of the joint  Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow  Extension  Opposite of flexion  Increases angle between two bones  Hyperextension: over 180 degrees

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements  Rotation  Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis  Common in ball-and-socket joints  Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements  Abduction  Movement of a limb away from the midline  Adduction  Opposite of abduction  Movement of a limb toward the midline

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements  Circumduction  Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction  Common in ball-and-socket joints

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements  Dorsiflexion  Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin  Plantar flexion  Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13e

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements  Inversion  Turn sole of foot medially  Eversion  Turn sole of foot laterally

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13f

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements  Supination  Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly  Pronation  Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13g