APA Citation Presented by the WRC

What is APA style? Standardized system for giving credit to others for their contribution to your work Is parenthetical (cited in the text) Guidelines for headings and a reference list

What is APA style? 1.Author’s Last Name 2.Year of Publication 3.Page Number (if a direct quote)

Why Should I Use APA? Shows honesty about borrowing others’ intellectual property Provides evidence of your research Allows readers to locate your sources Prevents plagiarism

What kind of source do I have? Book Page from a Website

Academic (Peer- Reviewed) Journal

In-text Citations: Direct Quote Example from article (Original Sentence) “This case study showed that the dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker.”

1. Authors’ names 2. Year of Publication 3. Page number (2013)Hwang-Bo, Lee, & Kim discovered “dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker” (p. 611). Inserted authors’ names, year, and page number at beginning and end

Citation at end of sentence “dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker” Researchers discovered that (Hwang-Bo, Lee, & Kim, 2013, p. 611).

Subsequent References 1-2 authors-----Always spell out all names Smith (2001) said…. Smith and Jones (1980) examined… Applicants’ expectations are outlandish (Smith, 2001). Applicants’ expectations are outlandish (Smith and Jones, 1980). *Note that these are paraphrases.

Subsequent References: 3-5 Authors First Reference: Wiley, Smith, & Jones (2015) stated most left-handers are artistic. Most left-handers are artistic (Wiley, Smith, & Jones, 2015).

Subsequent References: 3- 5 Authors Subsequent Reference: Wiley et al. (2015) state scary movies affect left- handers more than right-handers. Scary movies affect left-handers more than right-handers (Wiley et al., 2015).

6 or more Authors Start with first author, then use “et al.” Johnson et al. (2015) defend the claim that….. No Author Named Use shortened title of work and year Kinesiology tape helps with shoulder pain (“Efficacy,” 2013).

In-text Citations: Paraphrase A paraphrase is the original ideas and thoughts from a source put into your own words. ALWAYS NEED A CITATION Only use quotes when the information bears repeating exactly as it was written.

Why so many different ways to cite? Using the same way to incorporate sources every time gets redundant and bores your reader Shows lack of versatility in writing skills A writer may want to focus on something particular when incorporating a source. Here are three ways

Idea-focused Place the author(s) and date(s) in parentheses at an appropriate place in or at the end of a sentence Example Researchers have studied how children represent mathematical problems (Alibali, Phillips, & Fischer, 2009; Siegler, 1976).

Researcher-focused Place only the date in parentheses Example Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer (2009) asked, “Did the participants adopt the taught strategies?” (p. 96). Used when doing literature reviews, critiques, or focusing on method

Chronology-focused Integrate both the author and date into your sentence Example In 2009 Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer reported that third- and fourth-grade students improved their problem representation when they were taught the equalize strategy but did not improve their problem representation when they were taught the add-subtract strategy Used when doing literature reviews or when the time of the research is important

Secondary Source Citation Sometimes, you find a source that quotes another author, and you like what that author said. If possible, always find the original source where the quote originated from. The secondary and primary source will have to be cited in the reference list AND in text

Secondary Source Citation Paraphrase Thonus emphasizes that creating an ethical solution requires participation by all parties (as cited in Brufee, 2003). Direct quotation Thonus remarks, “writing center literature is filled with reference to our marginality and status as outsiders” (as cited in Brufee, 2003, p. 170).

Reference Page List of sources cited in paper

Title –Type the word "References" at the top of a new page, centered. Spacing –All entries should be double-spaced, unless your assignment instructs you otherwise. Indentation –First line is flush left. Subsequent lines have handing indent Author names –Last name, first initial: Smith, R. –Only use the author shortcut “et al.” if there are 8 or more authors.

Capitalization Rule in APA For article title, capitalize –First word of title –First word of subtitle –Any proper nouns (the name of a person or city, for example) From the sample –Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a little bit at a time.

Citing a Book Print –Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York, NY: Basic Books. E-book –Last name, First initial. (date). Title. Retrieved from

Chapter in a book or entry in a reference book Use for anthologies, textbooks, or edited books

Complete Citation North, P. (1984). The idea of a writing center. In C. Murphy & S. Sherwood (Eds.), The St. Martin’s sourcebook for writing tutors (pp ). Boston, MA: Bedford.

Journal Article Mostly found through library databases

Journal Article What’s needed –Author(s) name(s) –Year of publication –Article title (follows capitalization rule) –Title of Journal (italicized) –Volume and issue or number of journal –Pages numbers of article –DOI number or URL

Journal Article Example Hwang-Bo, G., Lee, J., & Kim, H. (2013). Efficacy of kinesiology taping for recovery of dominant upper back pain in female sedentary worker having a rounded shoulder posture. Technology & Health Care, 21(6), doi: /THC

Government Report Technical, research, and government reports “can serve a valuable supplementary role” to your research. Come from government agencies, profit/non- profit research institutes, and educational institutions.

Government Report Author, A.A. (Date). Title of work (Report No. xxx). Location: Publisher. List all levels of the government agency. GPO Reports have publisher location and name as… Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office

Government Report U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No ). Retrieved fromhttp://www/ nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/ast h_sch.pdf

Page from a Website

California State University, Bakersfield. (2015). Complaints and grievances. Retrieved July, , from /academicprograms/Complaints%2 0and%20Grievances/index.html

Page from a Website Publication date of webpage can found at the top or very bottom of the page

Other Sources Consult your APA Style Manual or reliable usage handbook

Headings