9 Articulations C h a p t e r

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Presentation transcript:

9 Articulations C h a p t e r PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Harris Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Introduction to Articulations Body movement occurs at joints (articulations) where two bones connect Joint Structure Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion) Joint strength decreases as mobility increases Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Two methods of classification Functional classification is based on range of motion of the joint Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Functional Classifications Synarthrosis (immovable joint) No movement Fibrous or cartilaginous connections May fuse over time Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint) Little movement Diarthrosis (freely movable joint) More movement Also called synovial joints Subdivided by type of motion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Structural Classifications Bony Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Functional Classifications Synarthroses (immovable joints) Are very strong Edges of bones may touch or interlock Four types of synarthrotic joints: suture gomphosis synchondrosis synostosis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Synarthrotic Joints Suture Bones interlocked Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue Are found only in skull Gomphosis Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament) Binds teeth to sockets Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Synarthrotic Joints Synchondrosis Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones: epiphyseal cartilage of long bones between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum Synostosis Fused bones, immovable: metopic suture of skull epiphyseal lines of long bones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Functional Classifications Amphiarthroses More movable than synarthrosis Stronger than freely movable joint Two types of amphiarthroses syndesmosis: bones connected by ligaments symphysis: bones separated by fibrous cartilage Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Functional Classifications Synovial joints (diarthroses) Also called movable joints At ends of long bones Within articular capsules Lined with synovial membrane Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Articular cartilages Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules: prevent bones from touching Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid: reduce friction Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Synovial fluid Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts Functions of synovial fluid: lubrication nutrient distribution shock absorption Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Accessory structures Cartilages: cushion the joint: Fibrous cartilage pad called a meniscus (articular disc) Fat pads: superficial to the joint capsule protect articular cartilages Ligaments: support, strengthen joints sprain: ligaments with torn collagen fibers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Accessory structures Tendons: attach to muscles around joint help support joint Bursae: pockets of synovial fluid cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints Prevent injury by limiting range of motion Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments) Articulating surfaces and menisci Other bones, muscles, or fat pads Tendons of articulating bones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints [INSERT FIG. 9.1a] Figure 9–1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Figure 9–1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Injuries Dislocation (luxation) Subluxation Articulating surfaces forced out of position Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule Subluxation A partial dislocation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Types of Dynamic Motion Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion Linear motion (gliding) Angular motion Rotation Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion Monaxial (1 axis) Biaxial (2 axes) Triaxial (3 axes) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Terms describe Plane or direction of motion Relationship between structures Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Linear motion Also called gliding Two surfaces slide past each other: between carpal or tarsal bones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Angular Motion Flexion Extension Angular motion Anterior–posterior plane Reduces angle between elements Extension Increases angle between elements Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Angular Motion Hyperextension Angular motion Extension past anatomical position Angular Movements Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–3a Angular Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Angular Motion Abduction Adduction Angular motion Frontal plane Moves away from longitudinal axis Adduction Moves toward longitudinal axis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Angular Motion Circumduction Circular motion without rotation Angular motion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Rotation Direction of rotation from anatomical position Relative to longitudinal axis of body Left or right rotation Medial rotation (inward rotation): rotates toward axis Lateral rotation (outward rotation): rotates away from axis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–4a Rotational Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Rotation Pronation: rotates forearm, radius over ulna Supination: forearm in anatomical position Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–4b Rotational Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Special movements Inversion: twists sole of foot medially Eversion: twists sole of foot laterally Dorsiflexion: flexion at ankle (lifting toes) Plantar flexion: extension at ankle (pointing toes) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Special Movements at Synovial Joints Opposition Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping) Protraction Moves anteriorly In the horizontal plane (pushing forward) Retraction Opposite of protraction Moving anteriorly (pulling back) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Special Movements at Synovial Joints Elevation Depression Moves in superior direction (up) Depression Moves in inferior direction (down) Lateral flexion Bends vertebral column from side to side Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–5 Special Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–5 Special Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Classification of Synovial Joints by Shape Gliding Hinge Pivot Ellipsoid Saddle Ball-and-socket A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Gliding Joints Hinge Joints Pivot Joints Flattened or slightly curved faces Limited motion (nonaxial) Hinge Joints Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial) Pivot Joints Rotation only (monaxial) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Ellipsoid Joints Saddle Joints Ball-and-Socket Joints Oval articular face within a depression Motion in two planes (biaxial) Saddle Joints Two concave, straddled (biaxial) Ball-and-Socket Joints Round articular face in a depression (triaxial) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements A joint cannot be both mobile and strong The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints) Between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate Intervertebral discs: pads of fibrous cartilage separate vertebral bodies anulus fibrosus: tough outer layer attaches disc to vertebrae nucleus pulposus: elastic, gelatinous core absorbs shocks Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Figure 9–7 Intervertebral Articulations. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Vertebral Joints Also called symphyseal joints As vertebral column moves Nucleus pulposus shifts Disc shape conforms to motion Intervertebral Ligaments Bind vertebrae together Stabilize the vertebral column Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Six Intervertebral Ligaments Anterior longitudinal ligament Connects anterior bodies Posterior longitudinal ligament Connects posterior bodies Ligamentum flavum Connects laminae Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Six Intervertebral Ligaments Interspinous ligament Connects spinous processes Supraspinous ligament Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum) Ligamentum nuchae Continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Damage to Intervertebral Discs Slipped disc Bulge in anulus fibrosus Invades vertebral canal Herniated disc Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus Presses on spinal cord or nerves Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Figure 9–8a Damage to the Intervertebral Discs. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Figure 9–8b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Movements of the Vertebral Column Flexion Bends anteriorly Extension Bends posteriorly Lateral flexion Bends laterally Rotation Turning Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Shoulder Joint Also called the glenohumeral joint Allows more motion than any other joint Is the least stable Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments Ball-and-socket diarthrosis Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Shoulder Joint Socket of the Shoulder Joint Glenoid labrum Deepens socket of glenoid cavity Fibrous cartilage lining Extends past the bone Processes of the Shoulder Joint Acromion (clavicle) and coracoid process (scapula) Project laterally, superior to the humerus Help stabilize the joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Ligaments Shoulder Separation Glenohumeral Coracohumeral Coraco-acromial Coracoclavicular Acromioclavicular Shoulder Separation Dislocation of the shoulder joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Muscles (also called rotator cuff) Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor Shoulder Bursae Subacromial Subcoracoid Subdeltoid Subscapular Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Shoulder Joint Figure 9–9a The Shoulder Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Shoulder Joint Figure 9–9b The Shoulder Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Elbow Joint A stable hinge joint With articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Elbow Joint Articulations of the Elbow Humero-ulnar joint Largest articulation Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna Limited movement Humeroradial joint: Smaller articulation Capitulum of humerus and head of radius Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Elbow Joint Figure 9–10a The Elbow Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Elbow Joint Supporting Structures of the Elbow Biceps brachii muscle Attached to radial tuberosity Controls elbow motion Elbow Ligaments Radial collateral Annular Ulnar collateral Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Elbow Joint Figure 9–10b The Elbow Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Hip Joint Also called coxal joint Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis Wide range of motion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Hip Joint Structures of the Hip Joint Ligaments of the Hip Joint Head of femur fits into it Socket of acetabulum Which is extended by fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum Ligaments of the Hip Joint Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral Transverse acetabular Ligamentum teres Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Hip Joint Figure 9–11a The Hip Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Hip Joint Figure 9–11b The Hip Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Hip Joint Figure 9–11c The Hip Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint A complicated hinge joint Transfers weight from femur to tibia Articulations of the knee joint Two femur–tibia articulations At medial and lateral condyles One between patella and patellar surface of femur Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Menisci of the Knee Medial and lateral menisci Fibrous cartilage pads At femur–tibia articulations Cushion and stabilize joint Give lateral support Locking knees Standing with legs straight: “locks” knees by jamming lateral meniscus between tibia and femur Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Seven Ligaments of the Knee Joint Patellar ligament (anterior) Two popliteal ligaments (posterior) Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule) Tibial collateral ligament (medial) Fibular collateral ligament (lateral) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Figure 9–12a The Knee Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Figure 9–12b The Knee Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Figure 9–12c The Knee Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Figure 9–12d The Knee Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Aging Rheumatism Arthritis Osteoarthritis A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems Arthritis All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints Osteoarthritis Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation Generally in people over age 60 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Aging Rheumatoid Arthritis Gouty Arthritis An inflammatory condition Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease Involves the immune system Gouty Arthritis Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts) Form within synovial fluid Due to metabolic disorders Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Aging Joint Immobilization Bones and Aging Reduces flow of synovial fluid Can cause arthritis symptoms Treated by continuous passive motion (therapy) Bones and Aging Bone mass decreases Bones weaken Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Integration with Other Systems Bone Recycling Living bones maintain equilibrium between Bone building (osteoblasts) And breakdown (osteoclasts) Factors Affecting Bone Strength Age Physical stress Hormone levels Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion Genetic and environmental factors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Integration with Other Systems Bones Support Body Systems The skeletal system Supports and protects other systems Stores fat, calcium, and phosphorus Manufactures cells for immune system Disorders in other body systems can cause Bone tumors Osteoporosis Arthritis Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Integration with Other Systems Figure 9–13 Functional Relationships between the Skeletal System and Other Systems. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Integration with Other Systems Figure 9–13 Functional Relationships between the Skeletal System and Other Systems. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings