December 9, 2014  Objective: To describe how joints function and to differentiate between types of joints  Journal: Have you or someone you know ever had a knee injury? Explain what happened.

Ligaments, Tendons, and Joints

Joints  Aka articulations  When two or more bones come together  Allow the body to move

Ligaments  Tough, connective tissue  Connects bone to bone

Tendons  Cordlike structures that attach bones to muscles

Types of Joints

Fibrous Joints  Held together by short connective strands  Immobile or slightly moveable  Ex: Sutures

Cartilaginous Joints  Held together by cartilage disks  Immovable or slightly movable  Ex: Joints between your ribs and sternum

Synovial Joints  Connected by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and lined with a synovial membrane  Freely moving

Types of Synovial Joints  Pivot Joints: Can only rotate ◦ Found in your neck

Types of Synovial Joints  Ball and Socket Joints: Can move in all directions including rotation ◦ Found in your shoulders and hips

Types of Synovial Joints  Hinge Joints: Can either open or close ◦ Found in your knees and elbows

Types of Synovial Joints  Gliding Joints ◦ Flat, slightly curved, plate like bones ◦ Can only side back and forth ◦ Found in your wrists and ankles _art/skeletal_and_muscular/index.html

Types of Synovial Joints  Saddle Joints ◦ One bone shaped like a saddle and another similar to a horse’s back ◦ Rock up and down and side to side ◦ Found in the base of your thumb

Types of Synovial Joints  Condyloid Joints ◦ Oddly shaped convex bones fitting into concave bones ◦ Can move in any direction, but cannot rotate ◦ Found in the knuckles of your fingers and wrists

Movement Classification

Flexion  When a joint is bent, decreasing the angle between the two bones  Ex: the leg bent at the knee

Extension  Straightening a joint so the angle between the involved bones increases  Ex: kicking

Plantar Flexion  When the toes are pointed

Dorsiflexion  When the foot is bent upward toward the leg

Hyperextension  When a joint is forced to straighten beyond its normal limits

Abduction  To move away from the bodies midline  Ex: Moving your arms up from resting next to your body

Adduction  To move toward the midline of the body  Ex: Moving your arms from above your head back down to your sides

Inversion  When the sole of one foot is turned inward so it points to the other foot

Eversion  The foot is turned outward, pointing away from the opposite foot

Supination  The palm of your hand is turned upward

Pronation  When the palm of the hand is turned down

Circumduction  Circular arm motion

Protraction  Drawing a part forward

Retraction  Drawing a part backwards

Rotation  When a bone spins on its axis  Ex: Rotating your head

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