Post-Modernism

World War II and its Aftermath The Holocaust The Holocaust Post War America Post War America The Absurd Existentialism: Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus Theater of the Absurd: Samuel Beckett, Peter Weiss The Absurd Existentialism: Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus Theater of the Absurd: Samuel Beckett, Peter Weiss The Existential Hero: Ralph Ellison’s The Invisible Man Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 The Existential Hero: Ralph Ellison’s The Invisible Man Joseph Heller’s Catch-22

The Post-war Era New York: European artists fleeing Europe congregated in N.Y. New York: European artists fleeing Europe congregated in N.Y. The New York School Abstract Expressionism: Jackson Pollock Mark Rothko The New York School Abstract Expressionism: Jackson Pollock Mark Rothko

Pop Art, Minimalism, Avant-garde Pop art: irreverence to tradition: beer cans, flags Pop art: irreverence to tradition: beer cans, flags Andy Warhol: Coca-Cola, Campbell’s Soup Andy Warhol: Coca-Cola, Campbell’s Soup Robert Rauschenberg’s “combine paintings” Robert Rauschenberg’s “combine paintings” “Minimalism” in sculpture Donald Judd “Minimalism” in sculpture Donald Judd Performance Art: Theatrical presentations with mixed visual arts and media Joseph Beuys Martha Graham’s modern art school Performance Art: Theatrical presentations with mixed visual arts and media Joseph Beuys Martha Graham’s modern art school

Sculpture Henry Moore: massive human forms. Influenced by Aztec and Mayan sculptures The Recumbent Figure Henry Moore: massive human forms. Influenced by Aztec and Mayan sculptures The Recumbent Figure Alexander Calder’s mobiles Alexander Calder’s mobiles David Smith: constructed metal sculpture David Smith: constructed metal sculpture Louise Nevelson: used discarded objects and materials: assemblage Louise Nevelson: used discarded objects and materials: assemblage

Modern Architecture Mies van der Rohe’s International Style: Chicago Seagram Building Mies van der Rohe’s International Style: Chicago Seagram Building Le Corbusier: Chandigarh in Punjab Ronchamp Chapel Notre-Dame-du Haut Le Corbusier: Chandigarh in Punjab Ronchamp Chapel Notre-Dame-du Haut Frank Lloyd Wright Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Frank Lloyd Wright Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Jörn Utzon Opera House, Sydney, Australia Jörn Utzon Opera House, Sydney, Australia

Music/Avant-garde Pierre Boulez: total serialism Pierre Boulez: total serialism Electronic music: synthesizers, electronic instruments and computers Electronic music: synthesizers, electronic instruments and computers Milton Babbitt: synthesizer Milton Babbitt: synthesizer Karlheinz Stockhausen Karlheinz Stockhausen John Cage: aleatory music John Cage: aleatory music

Music/Pop Leonard Bernstein Candide West Side Story Leonard Bernstein Candide West Side Story Rock-and-roll Elvis The Beatles Rock-and-roll Elvis The Beatles Rhythm and Blues/Soul The civil rights movement Rhythm and Blues/Soul The civil rights movement

Post-Modernism Skepticism toward any representation of reality that claimed to be universal or objective Skepticism toward any representation of reality that claimed to be universal or objective Focus on the “construction of reality” through language and symbol Focus on the “construction of reality” through language and symbol Emphasis on the local and particular rather than the universal Emphasis on the local and particular rather than the universal In the arts, a tendency toward parody, pastiche, and an eclectic mixture of styles In the arts, a tendency toward parody, pastiche, and an eclectic mixture of styles

Post-Modern Architecture Robert Venturi Robert Venturi Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers The Pompidou Center in Paris Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers The Pompidou Center in Paris Charles Moore Piazza d’Italia in New Orleans Charles Moore Piazza d’Italia in New Orleans Michael Graves Portland Services Building, Oregon Michael Graves Portland Services Building, Oregon

Minimalism in Music Philip Glass: opera Einstein on the Beach Philip Glass: opera Einstein on the Beach John Adams: opera Nixon in China The Death of Klinghoffer John Adams: opera Nixon in China The Death of Klinghoffer

Visual Arts Superrealism Superrealism Chuck Close: photographic image in paint Chuck Close: photographic image in paint Duane Hanson: sculpted life-sized humans Duane Hanson: sculpted life-sized humans Earth Art Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty Earth Art Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty Christo, Jeanne-Claude Christo, Jeanne-Claude Judy Pfaff: installation art Judy Pfaff: installation art

New Fiction Meta-fiction: stories about stories, fiction about fiction Meta-fiction: stories about stories, fiction about fiction John Barth The Sot-Weed Factor John Barth The Sot-Weed Factor Thomas Pynchon Gravity’s Rainbow Thomas Pynchon Gravity’s Rainbow Jorge Luis Borges Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis, Tertius Jorge Luis Borges Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis, Tertius

Magic Realism in Fiction Gabriel García Márquez One Hundred Years of Solitude Gabriel García Márquez One Hundred Years of Solitude Carlos Fuentes Carlos Fuentes Julio Cortázar Julio Cortázar Mario Vargas Llosa Mario Vargas Llosa

Liberated Voices Revision of the canon Revision of the canon Africa: Novelist Chinua Achebe (Nigerian) Things Fall Apart Africa: Novelist Chinua Achebe (Nigerian) Things Fall Apart

Liberated Voices USA Artist Romare Bearden: photomontage Artist Romare Bearden: photomontage Dancer-choreographer Alvin Ailey: jazz and soul music Cry Dancer-choreographer Alvin Ailey: jazz and soul music Cry Poet Gwendolyn Brooks Poet Gwendolyn Brooks Playwright August Wilson: Fences Playwright August Wilson: Fences Artist Judy Chicago: The Dinner Party Artist Judy Chicago: The Dinner Party Novelist Toni Morrison: Beloved Novelist Toni Morrison: Beloved Poet Denise Levertov: Mind Poet Denise Levertov: Mind Architect Maya Lin: Vietnam War Memorial Architect Maya Lin: Vietnam War Memorial

AIDS The NAMES project The NAMES project John Corigliano “AIDS Symphony” John Corigliano “AIDS Symphony” Tony Kushner: Angels in America Tony Kushner: Angels in America

A New Century 9/11 The Twin Towers 9/11 The Twin Towers Arata Ozaki: Team Disney Building Arata Ozaki: Team Disney Building Renzo Piano: Osaka Airport, Japan Renzo Piano: Osaka Airport, Japan Frank Gehry: Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain Frank Gehry: Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain “Hip-hop”, rap “Hip-hop”, rap Nam June Paik, video art Nam June Paik, video art Painter Ma Liuming Baby 5 Painter Ma Liuming Baby 5 Architect Daniel Libeskind: Ground Zero Architect Daniel Libeskind: Ground Zero