Philip Johnson and John Burgee. College of Architecture, University of Houston. 1983–85. Photo: Richard Payne, FAIA. [Fig. 15-1]

Claude-Nicolas Ledoux. House of Education. 1773–79. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. [Fig. 15-2]

Philip Johnson and John Burgee. College of Architecture, University of Houstonm, interior. 1983–85. Photo: Richard Payne, FAIA. [Fig. 15-3]

Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu. Menkaure (c BCE), Khafre (c BCE), and Khufu (c BCE). original height of Pyramid of Khufu 480 ft., length of each side at base 755 ft. ©Dallas and John Heaton/Free Agents Limited/CORBIS. [Fig. 15-4]

Ziggurat, Ur. c BCE. Fired brick over mud brick core. 210 × 150 ft. at base. © Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS. [Fig. 15-5]

Thomas Coram. View of Mulberry House and Street. c Oil on paper. Gibbes Museum of Art, Charleston, SC. Carolina Art Association, [Fig. 15-6]

Mesa Verde, Spruce Tree House. c. 1200–1300 CE. Courtyard formed by restoration of the roofs over two underground kivas. John Deeks / Photo Researchers, Inc. [Fig. 15-7]

Cribbed roof construction of a kiva. After a National Park Service pamphlet. [Fig. 15-8]

The Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece BCE. Studio Kontos Photostock. [Fig. 15-9]

Corner of the First Temple of Hera, Paestum, Italy. c. 550 BCE. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig ]

James Stuart. The Greek Orders, from The Antiquities of Athens. London, Courtesy of the Library of Congress. [Fig ]

Round arch. Line art. [Fig ]

Pont du Gard, near Nîmes, France. Late 1st century BCE–early 1st century CE. height 180 ft. © Jon Arnold Images / DanitaDelimont.com. [Fig ]

Barrel vault (left) and groin vault (right). Line art. [Fig ]

Barrel-vaulted gallery, ground floor of the Colosseum, Rome. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

The Colosseum (aerial view), Rome. 72–80 CE. Pubbli Aer Foto. [Fig ]

Interior, Pantheon. 117–125 CE. Hemera Technolgies/Alamy. [Fig ]

Exterior, Pantheon. 117–125 CE. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig ]

Interior view of nave, St. Sernin, Toulouse, France. c. 1080–1120. © Bildarchiv Monheim GmbH / Alamy. [Fig ]

Plan, St. Sernin. [Fig ]

Amiens Cathedral. begun © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig ]

Pointed arch. Line art. [Fig ]

Flying buttresses, Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris. 1211–1290. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig ]

Flying buttresses, Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris, diagram (after Acland). 1211–1290. Photo Researchers. [Fig ]

Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel Tower, Seen from Champs de Mars. 1887–89. height of tower 1,051 ft. Alain Evrard / Photo Researchers, Inc. [Fig ]

Wood-frame construction. Line art. [Fig ]

Reconstruction drawing of Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome. c. 320–27. [Fig ]

Truss. Line art. [Fig ]

Charles Bulfinch. Harrison Gray Otis House, Boston, Massachusetts. 1795–96. Courtesy of Historic New England. Photograph by David Carmack. [Fig ]

Architect unknown. Mansion at Parlange Plantation, New Roads, Louisiana. c. 1785–95. © Philip Gould / CORBIS. [Fig ]

Christian Gladu. The Birch, The Bungalow Company, North Town Woods, Bainbridge Island, Washington Photo courtesy of The Bungalow Company. [Fig ]

Louis H. Sullivan. Bayard (Condict) Building, New York. 1897–98. © Angelo Hornak / CORBIS. [Fig ]

Louis H. Sullivan. Bayard (Condict) Building, New York, detail. 1897–98. © Nathan Benn / CORBIS. [Fig ]

Frank Lloyd Wright. Robie House, South Woodlawn, Chicago, Illinois Chicago History Museum. HB A2. Photographer: Heidrich Blessing. [Fig ]

Frank Lloyd Wright. Plan of the Robie House, South Woodlawn, Chicago, Illinois [Fig ]

Frank Lloyd Wright. drawing for Fallingwater, Kaufmann House, Bear Run, Pennsylvania Colored pencil. 15-3/8 × 27-1/4 in. ©The Frank Lloyd Wright Fdn, AZ / Art Resource, NY. © 2012 The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, Scottsdale, AZ/Artists Rights Society (ARS). NY. The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S.A. [Fig ]

Frank Lloyd Wright. Fallingwater, Kaufmann House, Bear Run, Pennsylvania Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

Frank Lloyd Wright. Fallingwater scaffolding. ©The Frank Lloyd Wright Fdn, AZ / Art Resource, NY. © 2012 The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, Scottsdale, AZ/Artists Rights Society (ARS). NY. The Fallingwater Collection at the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University, New York. [Fig ]

Le Corbusier. Perspective drawing for Domino Housing Project Courtesy of the French Embassy. [Fig ]

Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret. Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine, France. 1928–30. Anthony Scibilia/Art Resource, N.Y. ©2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris/FLC. [Fig ]

Ludwig Miës van der Rohe. Farnsworth House, Fox River, Plano, Illinois Hedrich Blessing. [Fig ]

Ludwig Miës van der Rohe and Philip Johnson. Seagram Building, New York City © Andrew Garn. [Fig ]

Eero Saarinen. TWA Terminal, John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York (exterior view) © Karen Johnson. [Fig ]

Eero Saarinen. TWA Terminal, John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York (interior view) © Angelo Hornak/Corbis. [Fig ]

Rem Koolhaas and Ole Scheeren. OMA, New Headquarters, Central Chinese Television CCTV, Beijing, China © Keren Su / CORBIS. [Fig ]

Jean Nouvel/Ateliers. Jean Nouvel with b720 Arquitectos, Torre Agbar, Barcelona Lighting design by Yann Kersalé. Photo © Roland Halbe. [Fig ]

Frank Gehry. Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, north elevations. 10/1/1991. Sketch by Frank Gehry, © Frank O. Gehry & Associates. [Fig ]

Frank Gehry. Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, computer model © Gehry Partners, LLP. [Fig ]

Frank Gehry. Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, exterior view Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Photograph by David Heald. ©The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York. Photo: David Heald. [Fig ]

Adrian Smith, and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Tim Griffith/Arcaid/Corbis. [Fig ]

Tom Wills-Wright. Burj Al-Arab, Dubai, United Arab Emirates © Skyscan/CORBIS. [Fig ]

Obie Bowman. Brunsell Residence, Sea Ranch, California Courtesy Obie G. Bowman, Architect & Christian Heath, Associate. [Fig ]

Adam Kahn. The Brockholes Visitor Center at the Lancashire Wildlife Trust reserve in Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom © Ashley Cooper/Corbis. [Fig ]

Emilio Ambasz. ACROS Building (Fukuoka Prefecturial International Hall), Fukuoka, Japan. 1989–95. Emilio Ambasz & Associates, Inc./Photographer Hiromi Watanabe. [Fig ]

Richard Meier. Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana Digital imaging project. Photo © Mary Ann Sullivan, [Fig ]

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. Central Park, New York City. 1857–87. © Ball Miwako / Alamy. [Fig ]

Olmsted, Vaux & Co. landscape architects. general plan of Riverside, Illinois Courtesy of the National Park Service, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site. [Fig ]

Los Angeles Freeway Interchange. © Ron Chapple/Corbis. [Fig ]

Santiago Calatrava. Port Authority Trans Hudson (PATH) station, World Trade Center site AP Photo/Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. [Fig ]

Mierle Laderman Ukeles. Fresh Kills Landfill, daily operation. Courtesy Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, Inc., New York. [Fig ]

Mierle Laderman Ukeles. Fresh Kills Landfill, aerial view. Courtesy Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, Inc., New York. [Fig ]

Multistory apartment block, Taos Pueblo, New Mexico. originally built 1000–1450. © Karl Weatherly / CORBIS. [Fig ]

Moshe Safdie. Habitat, Montreal, Canada © Michael Harding/Arcaid/Corbis. [Fig ]