Wall Garban, Marines Perez, Rogmary Soler, Wini

Content Page 3 Definition Wall History 5 Mesopotamia 6 Egypt 7 Ancient Greece 8 Ancient Rome 9 Medieval Age 10 Renaissance and Baroque

Content Page 11 Modern Age 12 Types of Walls 14 The Wall: Architectonical point of view 16 The Wall: Urbanistic point of view 17 Conclusion

Wall Masonry rising from the floor to a height, generally taller than people. Wall is used to divide rooms, to protect an area of a house or to hold a roof. 3

WALL HISTORY

Mesopotamia The walls were made of fragile mud bricks, so they were thicker. To cover the walls, inhabitants of Mesopotamia used tiles that gave color to them. The walls were covered with colored reliefs following very simple patterns, including repetition and symmetry. 5

Egypt Materials used for wall construction were adobe and stone. The stone for the walls was used in tombs and temples, while bricks were used in homes, even in the royal palaces, forts, of the enclosures walls to the temples and cities. The walls were covered with hieroglyphics and carvings painted in brilliant colors. 6

Ancient Greece The walls were made by wood, unfired bricks or mortar. Inside the house, the walls were whitewashed. The exterior walls were fragile. 7

Ancient Rome The materials used for the walls were cement and brick. As for the brick, the Romans realized that baked brick was more resistant and therefore lasted longer. The Romans placed fresh on the walls. 8

Medieval Age Many walls were constructed with stone for protect to medieval cities. Although, brick was a material used. The walls were covered with mosaics, many of them made with enamel glass, cut into small pieces. 9

Renaissance and Baroque There were alternating between concave and convex walls with corrugated surfaces, which gave an impression of movement. Amount of details on the walls, sometimes were exaggerated. Also, in these stages were made great stone walls that withstand the strong vaults. 10

Modern Age The external walls could be made by adobe, brick, stone, wood, glass, steel and cement. The internal walls were tending to be of brick, plaster, wood, among others. They could be covered with fine painted plaster, wood, plastic or ceramic. 11

TYPES OF WALL Standard wall (5.9 – 7.8 inches thick) Structural wall (11.8 – 15.7 inches thick) Masonry wall (3.9 – 5.9 inches thick) Retaining wall (Depends on the case) 12

Openwork wall (5.9 – 7.8 inches thick) Defensive wall (depends on the case) 13

The Wall: Architectonical point of view They create and define spaces. Indicate the difference between inside and outside. Create privacy. They can be built with almost any material, from stones to concrete or steel. Since they found the way to build using inclinations or even curves, walls have served to shape the more daring designs (Guggenheim Museums in New York and Bilbao, Swiss Re Building in London, Valleacerón Chapel in Spain.) 14

Guggenheim Museums in New York (left) and Bilbao (right) Swiss Re Building in London Valleacerón Chapel in Spain 15

The Wall: Urbanistic point of view Fortification for defense Mark territory Represent status and independence Enclose settlements Delimitation for unconstructed areas Delimitation of green zones Functional delimitation 16

Conclusion Wall is a basic element, needed in any city and construction, it has a lot of uses, it can work as a separation or union structure. 17