HAP 7.6-7.13 Skeletal System

I. The Skull Cranium (8 bones) 1. Frontal bone (1) a. Anterior portion of skull b. Supraorbital Foramen c. Frontal Sinuses 2. Parietal Bones (2) a. Located to each side of frontal bone 3. Occipital Bone (1) a. Forms the back of the skull b. Foramen Magnum – large hole for spinal cord c. Occipital Condyle – articulate with atlas (1st vertebra

4. Temporal Bones (2) a. Form sides of cranium above occipital bone b 4. Temporal Bones (2) a. Form sides of cranium above occipital bone b. Mastoid Process c. Styloid Process d. Mandibular Fossa e. Zygomatic bone – prominence of cheek 5. Sphenoid Bone (1) a. Wedged in the middle of cranium b. Sella Turcica – depression that holds the pituitary gland c. Sphenoidal sinuses 6. Ethmoid Bone (1) a. Located in front of sphenoid bone b. Ethmoidal sinuses

Facial Bones (13 non-moveable + 1 moveable) 1. Maxilla Bones (2) – upper jaw; most anterior in mouth a. Forms part of hard palate b. Maxillary Sinuses c. Teeth sockets 2. Palatine Bones (2) – behind hard palate (L shaped) a. Form part of hard palate b. Forms wall of nasal cavity 3. Zygomatic Bones (2) a. Zygomatic arch

4. Lacrimal Bones (2) a. Scale like bone located in the medial wall of each orbit b/t ethmoid and maxilla 5. Nasal Bones (2) a. Long, thin and rectangular b. Fused at the midline 6. Vomer Bone (1) a. Anterior of maxilla 7. Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) a. Nasal cavity bone b. Supports mucous membranes 8. Mandible (1) – horseshoe shaped a. Mandibular condyle b. Coronoid Process – anterior of mandibular condyle

II. The Vertebral Column A. Characteristics 1. Location – skull to pelvis a. Supports head and trunk b. Protects spinal cord 2. Vertebra Regions a. Body (1) -anterior drum shaped portion -supports weight -intervertebral discs – cushion pads b/t

b. Pedicles (2) -projects from body c b. Pedicles (2) -projects from body c. Laminae (2) -comes off of pedicles -fuses to form spinous process -failure causes spina bifida d. Spinous process (1) e. Vertebral arch – pedicles, laminae, and spinous process f. Vertebral foramen – spinal cord passes

g. Transverse process -projects laterally and posteriorly -attachment for ligament and muscles h. Superior and inferior articular processes -join vertebrae together i. Interverteberal foramina -openings for spinal nerves

Superior Articular Facet 1 1 Body 2 Pedicle 3 Lamina 4 Transverse Process 5 Spinous Process 6 Vertebral Foramen 7 Rib Facet 8 Superior Articular Facet 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B. Cervical Vertebrae (7) 1. Found in neck 2 B. Cervical Vertebrae (7) 1. Found in neck 2. Have transverse foramina (blood vessels to brain) 3. Spinous process is forked (bifid) 4. special cervical vertebrae a. Atlas -supports head (up and down movement) -facets that articulate with occipital chondyle b. Axis -dens (odontoid process) allows movement from side to side

C. Thoracic Vertebrae (12) 1. Larger than cervical vertebrae 2 C. Thoracic Vertebrae (12) 1. Larger than cervical vertebrae 2. long pointed spinous processes D. Lumbar vertebrae (5) 1. Found in the small of the back 2. larger and more load bearing than thoracic E. Sacrum (5) 1. Bones are fused together 2. Triangular in shape (pg. 144) 3. spinous processes form a ridge of tubercles 4. post./ant. Saccral foramen 5. vertebral foramen forms the sacral canal 6. sacral hiatus – opening at the inf. end of sacrum

F. Coccyx (4) 1. inferior most part of vertebral column 2 F. Coccyx (4) 1. inferior most part of vertebral column 2. bones are fused together 3. attachment site.

III. The Thoracic Cage Functions 1. Protection 2. Support and attachment 3. Breathing Bones of the Thoracic Cage 1. Ribs (24 or 12 sets) a. True Ribs (vertebralsternal ribs) – (7) -connect vertebrae to sternum -connected by costal cartilage b. False Ribs (vertebralcondral ribs) – (5) -Upper 3 connect by cartilage of true rib #7 -Lower 2 do not connect floating ribs (vertebral rib)

c. Rib anatomy -head (posterior end) – articulates with body of vertebra -tubercle – close to the head articulates with transverse process of vertebra

2. Sternum (breastbone) a. Manubrium – articulates with clavicle b 2. Sternum (breastbone) a. Manubrium – articulates with clavicle b. Body c. Xiphoid process

IV. Pectoral Girdle Functions 1. Supports upper limbs 2. attachment for muscles Bones of the Pectoral Girdle 1. Clavicle (2) a. Runs horizontally between the manubrium and scapula b. Braces the scapula c. Attachment for upper limbs, chest, and back d. Sternal and acromial ends

2. Scapula (2) a. Broad triangular bones b 2. Scapula (2) a. Broad triangular bones b. Located on the upper posterior back c. Spine – divides scapula d. Acromion process – tip of shoulder -art w/ clavicle -muscular attachment e. Coracoid process – curves ant. and inf. with clavicle -glenoid cavity – art. with the humerous

V. Upper Limbs Functions 1. framework of arm 2. act as levers (movement) 3. muscular attachment Bones of the Upper Limbs 1. Humerus a. Large bone b. Head fits into the glenoid cavity c. Greater tubercle d. Lesser tubercle e. Intertubecular groove f. Deltoid tuberosity – attachment for deltoid

g. Lateral and medial condyles -Capitulum – articulates w/ radius -Trochlea – articulates w/ ulna h. Epicondyles – muscular attachment i. Coronoid fossa – receives the coronoid process of ulna j. Olecranon fossa – receives the ulnar process

2. Radius a. Thumb side of forearm b 2. Radius a. Thumb side of forearm b. Head of radius – disclike -articulates with the ulna and humerus c. Radial tuberosity – inferior of head -attaches biceps d. Styloid process – inferior end 3. Ulna a. Longer than radius b. Trochlear notch c. Olecrenon process d. Coronoid process e. Radial notch f. Styloid process g. Head articulates with radius and triquetrum

3. The Hand a. Carpal bones (8) -articulates with radius and ulna 1 Scaphoid 2 Lunate 3 Triquetrum 4 Pisiform 5 Trapezium 6 Trapezoid 7 Capitate 8 Hamate

b. Metacarpals (5) -makeup the framework of the palm -numbered 1-5 (begin with thumb) -articulate with carpals and phalanges c. Phalanges (14) -3 per finger / 2 for thumb -labeled as “proximal”, “middle”, and “distal”

VI. Pelvic Girdle Functions 1. Supports the trunk of the body 2. Provides attachment for lower limbs 3. Provides protection of internal organs Bones of the Pelvic Girdle 1. Coxa – Hipbones (2) a. Ilium – superior portion of coxa -iliac crest -iliac fossa -sacroiliac joint – where ilium and sacrum joint

b. Ischium – lowest posterior part of coxa -ischial tuberosity – muscular attachment and supports weight while sitting c. Pubis – anterior portion of coxa -pubic symphysis – shock absorber -pubic arch – wider in females -obturator foramen – 2nd largest foramen *all three coxa bones form the acetabulum -cup shaped cavity that receives the head of the femur

VII. Lower Limbs Functions 1. Support body’s weight 2. Acts as levers 3. Muscular attachment 4. Framework of leg B. Bones of the Lower Limbs 1. Femur a. Largest bone in the body b. Similar to the humerus c. Head of the femur d. Fovea Capitis – ligament attachment site e. Greater Trochanter – muscular attachment f. Lesser Trochanter – muscular attachment g. Lateral and medial condyles – articulates w/ tibia h. Patella (bone) – articulates w/ femur

2. Tibia a. Located medially b. Also known as the shin c 2. Tibia a. Located medially b. Also known as the shin c. Medial/lateral condyles – art. w/ condyles of femur d. Tibial tuberosity e. Medial malleolus – inner ankle -articulates w/ the talus 3. Fibula a. Lateral to tibia b. Head of fibula – art. w/ tibia -non weight bearing bone c. Lateral malleolus – outer ankle

Intermediate Cuneiform 4. The Foot a. Tarsal Bones (7) -Art. with tibia and fibula 1 Talus 2 Calcaneus 3 Navicular 4 Medial Cuneiform 5 Intermediate Cuneiform 6 Lateral Cuneiform 7 Cuboid

b. Metatarsals (5) -same as metacarpals c b. Metatarsals (5) -same as metacarpals c. Phalanges -each toe has 3 / great toe 2

VIII. Joints A. Def – Junction between bones B. Functions 1. bind skeletal system 2. allow bone growth 3. allow shape change (during childbirth) 4. allow movement C. Types of Joints 1. Fibrous Joint – no movement Ex: Skull bones 2. Cartilaginous Joint – limited movement Ex: Vertebrae, pubic symphysis 3. Synovial Joint – free movement Ex: Knee, elbow, shoulder…

a. Types of Synovial Joints -Ball and Socket (hip) -Condyloid (carpal bones fit into metacarpals) -Gliding (ribs and carpal bones) -Hinge (knee and elbow) -Pivot (proximal end of radius and ulna) -Saddle (trapezium and thumb)