 Tissue Stresses ◦ Tension* ◦ Stretching ◦ Compression* ◦ Shearing* ◦ Bending COMPRESSION TENSIONTENSION SHEAR

 Mechanical Forces ◦ Friction/rubbing ◦ Scraping ◦ Compression/pressure ◦ Tearing ◦ Cutting ◦ Penetrating

 Wound Classification ◦ Friction Blister ◦ Abrasion ◦ Incision ◦ Laceration ◦ Skin Avulsion ◦ Puncture Wound ◦ Skin Bruise (Contusion)

 Types of Muscle ◦ Smooth – blood vessels & organs ◦ Cardiac - heart ◦ Striated - skeletal

 Acute Injuries ◦ Contusions ◦ Strains  Stretch (Grade 1), partial tear (Grade 2), complete rupture (Grade 3) ◦ Tendon Injuries ◦ Muscle Spasms ◦ Overexertional Muscle Problems  Soreness (DOMS), stiffness, cramps ◦ Muscle Guarding  When muscles around the injured area contract ◦ Trigger Points

 Chronic Injuries ◦ Myositis/fasciitis  Inflammation of muscles/fascia (i.e. plantar fasciitis, IT-Band syndrome) ◦ Tendinitis  Inflammation of tendons ◦ Tenosynovitis  Inflammation of sheath surrounding tendons ◦ Atrophy  Wasting away of muscle tissue

 Acute Injuries ◦ Sprains  Grades 1, 2, 3 ◦ Synovitis  Irritation to the synovial membrane ◦ Dislocations  Subluxation – partial dislocation (popped out and back in on its own)  Luxation – complete dislocation (popped out and stayed out)

 Chronic ◦ Arthritis  Wearing down of cartilage ◦ Bursitis  Inflammation caused by constant compression/rubbing ◦ Synovitis

 Types of Bone ◦ Flat  Skull, ribs, scapula ◦ Irregular  Spine, skull ◦ Short  Wrist and ankle ◦ Long (most commonly injured)  Humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges

 Acute Bone Fractures

 Stress Fractures ◦ Typical causes in sports: 1.Playing too soon after injury 2.Changing sport seasons w/o proper training for second sport 3.Starting initial training too quickly 4.Changing habits or the environment

 Causes ◦ Compression and tension  Types ◦ Neuritis  Chronic  Symptoms range from minor nerve problems to paralysis ◦ Referred Pain  Pain felt in a different area of the body than its actual origin  Trigger points  Kehr’s sign