Introduction to Chemistry Chapter 1

Branches of Chemistry Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry The study of matter and changes it undergoes Organic Chemistry Carbon containing chemicals Pharmaceuticals (drugs), plastics Inorganic Chemistry Matter with no Carbon Minerals, metals and non-metals

Branches of Chemistry Physical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Behavior and change of matter and energy (chemistry and physics combined) Reaction Rates, reaction mechanisms (how fast reactions take place and how to speed them up) Analytical Chemistry Composition of substance Food nutrients, quality control, FDA Biochemistry Processes of living organisms Metabolism, fermentation

Scientific Method The scientific method is an organized set of investigation procedures. 6 common steps State the problem Gather information Forming a hypothesis Testing the hypothesis Analyzing the data Drawing a conclusion

Scientific Method (Step 1,2,3) 1.State the Problem(Questions) 2.Make Observation – do research Visual Observations Existing Knowledge 3.Create a Hypothesis Tentative explanation, a testable statement or prediction DOES NOT need to be a question

Scientific Method (Step 4) 4.Experiments Set of controlled observations Tests one variable at a time Independent Variable- Plan to change Dependent Variable- Value changes in response to independent variable Control Group- Standard for comparison Experimental Group – Where one changes the independent variable.

Scientific Method (Step 5,6) 5.Data: Graphs, Tables, Lists, etc. Collect data Qualitative Data- describes a property w/out measurements, uses senses (ex. Color) Quantitative data – data collected using measurements (ex. Volume) 6.Conclusion Judgment based on information; Responds to purpose; Analysis of results

Scientific Theory Explanation supported by many, many experiments can be modified, lead to new conclusions Examples of Theories:

Scientific Law No exceptions to laws, in any experiment Example of Laws:

Law of Conservation of Mass Total amount of matter in the universe remains constant Matter can’t be created nor destroyed Total amount b/4 reaction= total amount after reaction Ex. Balancing equations

PbI demo

Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can’t be created nor destroyed Total amount remains constant Can transform into different types of energy Ex. Match: potential chemical energy into heat, light, sound, kinetic

Research Scientific Research Chance discoveries Pure Research: seeks for knowledge itself Applied Research:To solve specific problem (disease research) Chance discoveries Botox

Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space. Examples of matter: Examples of non-matter:

a. Inertia Resistance to change in motion or resistance to change in direction or rate

b. Mass Amount of matter in an object Measure of the inertia Does NOT change from place to place Measure with a balance

Measure of the force of gravity between 2 objects c. Weight Measure of the force of gravity between 2 objects Weight= mass X gravity Changes with location Measure with scale

Property possessed by matter, ability to do work 2. Energy Property possessed by matter, ability to do work We are interested in the energy changes that take place

Types of Energy Potential- energy due to the objects position, also stored energy (ex. Battery- chemical potential energy) Kinetic- energy of motion Radiant- energy that goes in all directions (light, x-rays, UV), transferred by electromagnetic waves Other- heat, sound, nuclear, electric

Models Visual, verbal, and/or mathematical explanations of how things occur. Where have you seen models before?

Lab Equipment

Lab Equipment