Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Pakistan Dr Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Pakistan Dr. Murtaza Malik1, Irfan Saeed Alrai2, Dr. Azhar Mansur Khan3 and Shaukat Hayat4 1,2,3 NEAP-Support Program, Ministry of Environment, Pakistan 4 Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

Objective and Methodology To review and assess the current state of ambient air quality monitoring in Pakistan Desk study: Studies conducted by various organizations between 1992 to 2003 were reviewed and analyzed.

Organizations Involved in Air Quality Monitoring Institute of Public Health Engineering and Research (IPHER), now the Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research (IEER), Lahore. Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) SUPARCO Federal and Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission National Energy Conservation Center (ENERCON) Pakistan Met Dept Other research organizations and consulting firms

Major Studies on Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Pakistan Lahore, Institute of Public Health and Engineering, Lahore (1992, 1993, 1997, 1999) Urban Centers of Punjab – EPD Punjab (1997, 1998) Karachi – PCSIR (1997), SUPARCO (1999) NWFP – DHV (1994) Peshawar – EPA (1995), IUCN (1996), GTZ (1999, 2000) JICA and Pak EPA (2001, 2002, 2003) SUPARCO (1998-2003) ENERCON/SUPARCO – Six Cities Study (ongoing)

Studies on Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Pakistan Institute of Public Health and Engineering, Lahore conducted a study from June 1992 to October 1993 under the title "Physico-Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Suspended Particulate Matter in Pakistan" PM10 concentrations were measured in Lahore at city centre, an industrial site and a rural site. Average concentrations averaged at three sites: Suspended particulates (TSP): 325 - 862 g/m3 Carbon monoxide : 345 - 6,100 g/m3 (0.3 - 5.3 ppm) Sulphur dioxide: 0.0 - 24.6 g/m3 (0.0 - 9.3 ppb) Nitrogen oxides: 14.0 - 103.5 g/m3 (7.5 - 55.2 ppb)

Results of Air Quality Monitoring Study in Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad- (Pak EPA / JICA, 2001) Average TSP: g/m3 Rawalpindi: 2235 Islamabad: 2308 Lahore: 2316

Max Concentration of PM 10 in Six Big Cities of Pakistan (SUPARCO)

Results of Air Quality Study in Faisalabad (Pak-EPA/ JICA) October 2003 PM10 Concentrations at different Sampling Points in Faisalabad (µg/m3)

Results of Air Quality Study in Faisalabad (Pak-EPA/ JICA) October 2003 PM10 Concentrations at different sites in Faisalabad

Results of Air Quality Study in Faisalabad (Pak-EPA/ JICA) October 2003 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentrations at different sampling points in Faisalabad (WHO = 35 ppm)

Results of Air Quality Study in Faisalabad (Pak-EPA/ JICA) October 2003 NOx Concentrations at different sampling points in Faisalabad (WHO = 110 ppb)

Results of Air Quality Study in Faisalabad (Pak-EPA/ JICA) October 2003 Ozone (O3) Concentrations at different sampling points in Faisalabad (WHO = 90 ppb)

Studies on Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Pakistan Most of the studies were based on random and short-term sampling surveys. Do not report requisite information including: Times of measurements Frequency and number of observations Details of sampling locations

Studies on Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Pakistan Data reported in these studies cannot be compared because of variation in methodologies used and sampling locations. These data may not present a true picture of ambient air quality in Pakistan. These data, however, present a general idea about the prevailing situation at specified locations in Pakistan.

Status on Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Pakistan The reported data reveal that: Air quality in Pakistani cities is deteriorating. Suspended particulate levels are generally high. Ambient CO, O3, NOx, and SO2 concentrations are mostly within WHO air quality guidelines values. CO and Nox concentrations at points under the influence of heavy traffic may sometime exceed the guideline values. SO2 concentrations in the vicinity of the brick kilns are also high.

Issues Regular long-term monitoring of ambient air quality is not done. Non-existence of the ambient air quality standards Lack of monitoring stations Lack capacity to monitor air quality

The Way Forward Pak EPA has developed a project titled “Establishment of Environmental Monitoring System in Pakistan” Cost: Rs. 1089.1 million (Grant for Government of Japan and funding from PSDP) Implementation by Pak-EPA in collaboration with provincial EPAs

The Way Forward Major components, inter-alia, include: Provision of 13 continuous air monitoring stations and 4 mobile laboratories in five cities (Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta and Islamabad) Up-gradation of analytical laboratories in five EPAs Establishment of air surveillance center Provision of necessary project staff training

Thank You