Christian Brothers High School Department of Chemistry Organic Chemistry.

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Presentation transcript:

Christian Brothers High School Department of Chemistry Organic Chemistry

Definitions Organic means “based on carbon” Hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements are sometimes present Inorganic means all those compounds without carbon Exceptions: Diamond, graphite, carbon dioxide

What’s So Special About Carbon? It can form 4 covalent bonds With other carbon atoms With other elements Forms long chains (straight or branched) Rings and hoops

Organic Nomenclature: Prefixes Meth- 1 carbons Eth- 2 carbons Prop- 3 carbons But- 4 carbons Pent- 5 carbons Hex- 6 carbons Hept- 7 carbons Oct- 8 carbons Non- 9 carbons Dec- 10 carbons Eico- 11 carbons Dodec- 12 carbons

Organic Nomenclature Suffixes/Meanings I - ane Alkane (saturated hydrocarbon) -ene Alkene (one double bond) -yne Alkyne (one triple bond) -ine organic amine (amphetamine, caffeine, cocaine, morphine, heroin) -one Ketone (acetone, nail polish remover)

Organic Nomenclature Suffixes/Meanings II - ase Enzymes ( protein catalysts in biochemical reactions) -oseSugars(glucose, sucrose) -olAlcohols -alAldehydes (formaldehyde) -ateEsters(many flavors and fragrances) -adeSomething to drink

Hydrocarbons Compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen Obtained from petroleum distillation Fuels, solvents, lubricants, waxes, paving materials Starting materials for countless other products

Hydrocarbons- Types AliphaticLong chains (can be branched) Alicyclic Rings or hoops

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 2 Types Saturated (only single bonded carbons) Unsaturated (can contain double or triple bonded carbons)

Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) All end in –ane Only single bonds Generic formula C n H (2n+2) Known as a homologous series (add CH 2 unit each time) Methane CH 4 (Natural Gas) Propane C 3 H 8 (common fuel gas) Butane C 4 H 10 (common fuel gas) Gasoline (A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons from heptane C 7 H 16 to Decane C10H 22

Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) Kerosene (Mixture of C9-C17 Used as Jet fuel, home heater fuel) Diesel ( Mixture of C9-C23 Used as motor fuel) Lubricants (Range from C 24 to C40 depending on viscosity needed) WaxesC 40 -C 70 (candle fuel) Asphalt (Paving material) Prop- + -ane = propane 3 carbon Oct- + -ane = octane8 carbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Alkenes) 1 Double Bond Homologous Series remains the same, add CH 2 each time Generic formula C n H 2n Ethene (C 2 H 4 ) common name ethylene Butene (C 4 H 8 ) 2 double bonds are called Dienes 3 double bonds are called Trienes

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Alkynes) Contains a triple bond Names end in -yne Generic formula C n H (2n-2) Most Familiar example is ethyne Common name acetylene C 2 H 2 Welding fuel kept dissolved in acetone

Alicyclic Hydrocarbons 2 types Saturated rings Cyclohexane C 6 H 12 Aromatic rings BenzeneC 6 H 6