J. Zhou 1, X. Zhu 1, T. Wang 1, and X. Zhang 2 J. Zhou 1, X. Zhu 1, T. Wang 1, and X. Zhang 2 1 College of Resources and Information Tech., China University of Petroleum 2 Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences October 19, 2007 October 19, 2007 Characterization of Organic Aerosol in the Suburban Area of Beijing

Introduction of on-going research Introduction of on-going research Study design Study design Chemical composition of particulate organic matter (POM) Chemical composition of particulate organic matter (POM) PAHs pollution and the major sources PAHs pollution and the major sources Preliminary results regarding health risk assessment Preliminary results regarding health risk assessment Future work Future work Outline

Motivation Impact on climate change, visibility, atmospheric chemistry in stratosphere and troposphere and adverse effect on human health Impact on climate change, visibility, atmospheric chemistry in stratosphere and troposphere and adverse effect on human health Need for more monitoring data to refine the knowledge of organic aerosol pollution in China Need for more monitoring data to refine the knowledge of organic aerosol pollution in China Characteristics of organic aerosol pollution in suburban and rural areas Characteristics of organic aerosol pollution in suburban and rural areas

Research Distribution of organic compounds in particles with different size ( , cooperation with Dr. Zhang) Distribution of organic compounds in particles with different size ( , cooperation with Dr. Zhang) Difference in air pollution characteristics between urban and suburban areas ( , cooperation with Dr. Zhang) Difference in air pollution characteristics between urban and suburban areas ( , cooperation with Dr. Zhang) Chemical composition of POM in PM 2.5 and PM 10 (2003-present) Chemical composition of POM in PM 2.5 and PM 10 (2003-present) Effect of human activities on POM, especially PAHs and alkanes (2003-present) Effect of human activities on POM, especially PAHs and alkanes (2003-present) Specific Aim: to characterize POM pollution in suburban area and to understand the major sources

Study Design Sampling sites Sampling sites Changping District － suburban area ； Changping District － suburban area ； Haidian District － urban area Haidian District － urban area Sampling campaigns Sampling campaigns Suburban area: 2003 － present Suburban area: 2003 － present Urban area: 2003 － 2004 Urban area: 2003 － 2004 In four seasons In four seasons

Particulate Matter Collected Particles with different size (≥7.0μm; 3.3 ～ 7.0μm; 2.0 ～ 3.3μm 1.1 ～ 2.0μm ≤1.1μm ) – during ; PM 10 － during ； PM 2.5 – during

Extraction Concentration Aliphatic hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Polar Compounds GC-MS Qualification & Quantification PAHs Standard solution Data analysis Sample collection Column cleaning BSTFA

n-Alkane:13.7 ％ ％ (average of 19.0 ％ ) ， highest in winter composition Fatty acid: 18.9 ％∼ 43.5 ％ (average of ， 30 ％ ) ， highest in summer n-Alkanol: 6.2 ％∼ 21.8 ％ (average of 11.0 ％ ) ， highest in spring PAHs: 2.1 ％∼ 15.4 ％ (average of 5.8 ％ ) ， highest in winter Sugar: 0.8 ％∼ 15.3 ％ (average of 6.5 ％ ) ， highest in autumn Hopane & Sterane: average of 2.8 ％ Dicarboxylic acid and ester: average of 1.33%, products of photochemical reaction

Bacteria and Algae Higher plant wax Fossil fuel Pyrolysis origin Biomass burning Secondary Unknown Natural Anthropogenic 31.4 ％ 24.0 ％ 20.1 ％ 10.4 ％ 3.60 ％ 3.60 ％ 1.33 ％ 9.10 ％ Major sources

Seasonal variation of PAHs Correlation analysis: temperature and PAH decay Correlation analysis: temperature and PAH decay Multiple approaches to investigate the major sources: Multiple approaches to investigate the major sources:  Molecular marker  Source profile comparison  Specific ratios  Multi-variable statistical analysis

Seasonal Variation and Temp.

Seasonal Variation and Decay in Air

Seasonal Variation and Emission Sources Major sources and the contributions Coal/wood combustion: 26.8 ％ ; Petroleum combustion: 41.8 ％ ; Coke plant: 28.3 ％ ; Diesel vehicle: 3.1 ％ Seasonal variation in the contribution of coal combustion

Benzo(a)Pyrene concentration in PM 10 NAAQS

Health Risk Assessment Corrected PAHs conc. with toxic equivalency factors (TEF) in Beijing ng/m 3 SpringSummerAutumnWinter 化合物 TEFsUrban area Suburba n area Urban area Suburban area Urban area Suburban area Urban area Suburban area Naphthalene ＜ ＜ ＜ ＜ Acenaphthylene ＜ Acenaphthene ＜ Fluorene ＜ Phenanthrene ＜ Anthracene Fluoanthene Pyrene Benzo[a]anthracene Chrysene Benzo[b+k]fluoanth ene* Benzo[a]pyrene Indo[1,2,3cd]pyrene ＜ Dibenzo[a,h]anthra cene Benzo[ghi]perylene ∑PAHs BaP/∑PAHs Corrected concentration provides the information regarding health risk. For example, pyrene (lower corrected conc. while high ambient conc.), benzo(a)pyrene (higher corrected conc. while lower ambient conc.) High corrected conc. were observed with 11.47ng/m 3 in urban area and 8.98ng/m 3 in suburban area.

Future Work 1. Characterization of air pollution in suburban and rural area  Organic aerosol  Trace metals, especially those in HAP list (chromium) 2. Application of multiple approaches to source apportionment of POM  Molecular markers or organic tracers  Carbon isotopes 3. Air toxic pollution and human health  Measurement of personal exposure  Outdoor/indoor sources and personal exposure

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