National Aerospace Initiative Mr. Paul F. Piscopo Special Assistant to the Director, Defense Research & Engineering for the National Aerospace Initiative

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE -- What is NAI? -- NAI is a synergistic effort among DoD, NASA, and the Intelligence Community that will help DoD achieve its goal of transforming the military through rapid advancement in aerospace capabilities by: – effectively merging air and space – spurring innovation in critical high technology areas – reinvigorating the U.S. aerospace industry Through ground and flight demonstrations, NAI will:  – Achieve sustained hypersonic flight to Mach 12 by 2012 and beyond – Achieve affordable and responsive space launch – Accelerate advanced capabilities for on-orbit space systems – Provide numerous potential “off-ramps” to nearer term applications – Excite the high-technology science and engineering workforce for the future  NAI will enable capabilities never-before available to the warfighter: – Long-range supersonic cruise missiles – Hypersonic strike/interceptor missiles – A family of long-range hypersonic strike/reconnaissance aircraft – Air-breathing space access

Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry Top-Level National Recommendations Transform the U.S. air transportation system to efficiently, safely, and securely accommodate an evolving variety and growing number of civil and military aerospace vehicles. Reform U.S./multilateral regulations and policies to enable the movement of products and capital across international borders on a fully competitive basis, and establish a level playing field for U.S. industry in the global market place. Implement a new business model, driven by increased and sustained government investment and the adoption of innovative government/industry policies, designed to promote a healthy and growing U.S. aerospace industry and stimulate the flow of capital. Establish a national aerospace policy and promote aerospace by creating a government-wide management structure, including a White House policy coordinating council, an aerospace management office in OMB, and a joint committee in the Congress. Immediately reverse the decline in, and promote the growth of, a scientifically and technologically trained U.S. aerospace workforce. Boldly pioneer new frontiers in aerospace technology, commerce, and exploration. “The breakdown of America’s intellectual and industrial capacity is a threat to national security and our capability to continue as a world leader.”

Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry NAI-Relevant Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations The Federal Government should significantly increase its investment in basic aerospace research. The aerospace industry should take a leading role in applying research to product development. An aggressive and sustained investment is needed in (the hypersonic flight) arena, with the objective of overcoming the critical technical barriers of high-speed flight and providing the demonstrations necessary to validate the operational feasibility of hypersonic systems. The Commission supports the joint DoD and NASA National Aerospace Initiative objective of achieving Mach 12 capability by 2012. This initiative should begin as soon as possible. The NAI will develop/demonstrate a portfolio of critical technologies that will enable the achievement of many common DoD and NASA goals. The nation would benefit from a joint effort by NASA and DoD to significantly reduce the cost and time required to access space. The Administration and Congress should direct NASA and the DoD to coordinate R&D efforts in areas of common need and provide the appropriate funding for joint programs. The DoD, NASA, and Industry must partner in innovative aerospace technologies, especially in the areas of propulsion and power. “If the aerospace industry cannot attract and retain the best and the brightest, then the industry doesn’t have a future.”

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE -- A Transformational Technology -- Transformation Attributes Knowledge Agility Speed Lethality DDR&E Transformation Technology Initiatives National Aerospace Initiative Surveillance and Knowledge Systems Energy and Power Technologies

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE -- The Value of Speed -- Space Access Reconnaissance Anti-access Theater of Operation Boost/Ascent NPR Long Range Strike Time Critical Target Cruise Cruise Missile Defense SEAD

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE -- An International Perspective -- U.S. Government / Industry Aerospace Knowledge Base is Eroding Foreign Experience / Expertise Growing – Excellent Ground Test Facilities – Long-Term Commitment for Aerospace Investment – Examples of Hypersonic R&D China – (TAD 2015) Hypersonic Aircraft Dev Mach 5 France – 1999 Scramjet Ground Demo Mach 6 – 7.5 Germany – 2002 Air Defense Flight Demo Mach 6.5 India – 2002 Cruise Missile Flight Demo Mach 2.0-3.0 Russia – 1991 Scramjet Flight Demo Mach 6 Australia – 2002 Scramjet Flight Demo Mach 7.6 Potential Threat to Current U.S. Systems by End of Decade – Strategic/Tactical Standoff Capability Threatened – Aircraft Survivability Threatened NAI is Needed to Sustain American Aerospace Leadership

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE -- Technology Challenges Being Addressed -- High Speed Air Breathing Propulsion High Speed Aerodynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics Structural Dynamics Guidance, Navigation, and Control of High Speed Systems High Temperature Materials Thermal Protection Systems Breakthrough Energy Sources (Energetic Materials/Propellants) Health Monitoring and Vehicle Management Systems Satellite Communications and Control (Swarm Behavior) Passive Detection and Identification

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE -- Technology Framework -- Strategic Focus Technical Coordination Aerospace Workforce NAI High Speed Hypersonics Space Access Space Technology DoD/NASA TCT/NPR Space Commission Reusable Launch Vehicle Expendable (Missiles) Reusable [Mach 0 - 12] Responsive Payloads 2nd Stage Rocket Engine Mach<4 Flexible Comm Air-Breathing 1st Stage (TSTO) [Mach 0 - 12] Space Maneuvering Vehicle 4<Mach<15 Long-Range Strike [Mach 0-7] ISR Synergy Goal: 1 + 1 + 1 > 3 Space Control

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE NAI Goal: Mach Number per Year to 2012 -- High Speed / Hypersonics History -- NAI Goal: Mach Number per Year to 2012 25 Hydrogen Scramjet Mach 8-15 Production 15 X-Vehicles Hydrocarbon Scramjet Mach 4-7 Space Access NAI Ramjet Mach 3-4 10 Mach Number Strike Aircraft X-15 High Speed Turbine Mach 2-4 5 SR-71 XB-70 Although our nation demonstrated higher speed flight capability in the late 50’s and early 60’s, we have pursued a subsonic, lower speed development path in most of our systems. There are probably many reasons for this, among them stealth capabilities in the 1980’s. However, as foreign economic competition and foreign pursuit of high speed technologies increase, 15-20 years from now may require our forces to have higher speed capabilities to be survivable and defendable. The NAI hypersonics goals are to demonstrate a Mach number /Year capability through 2012. This strategy would result in a major demonstration about every 2 years. High speed turbines and ram/scramjet missile demonstrations would be pursued first, followed by a Mach 7 reusable air platform demonstration. Finally, higher Mach number demonstrations of interceptor technologies would be completed. Missiles Concorde F-4 F-16 F-117 B-2 F-22 F-15 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 NAI Hypersonic Component Technology Development and Ground Demonstrations Hypersonic System Technology Development and Flight Demonstrations

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT APPROACH -- High Speed / Hypersonics -- “Short Life” Expendable “Long Life” Re-Usable Flight Regimes Mach 0-7 Mach 0-12 Mach<4 Mach 4-15 3 Building Block Technologies High-Speed Turbine Thermal Protection Hydrogen Fuel Hydrocarbon Scramjet Aerodynamics Building Block Technologies High-Speed Turbine Thermal Protection Turbine-based Combined Cycle Aerodynamics Demonstrations High Speed Turbine /Ramjet 2 5 4 Rocket Boost Scramjet “missile” shape 7 9 Rocket Boost Scramjet Waverider or Lifting Body Hydrocarbon fueled Turbine-based Combine Cycle w/ Waverider Hydrogen-fueled Turbine-based Combine Cycle w/Lifting Body Supersonic Cruise Missile Mid Range Weapon Strike Interceptor Long Range Weapon Strike Interceptor Responsive Space Access Capabilities Long Range Strike

-- High Speed / Hypersonics -- DARPA RASCAL PROGRAM -- High Speed / Hypersonics -- Aircraft follows a ballistic path back to the atmosphere Restart engine & return to airfield Once out of the atmosphere, the rocket separates from the aircraft first stage Re-entry of spent expendable 2nd stage 2nd stage rocket burn 3rd stage rocket burn Top stage burn provides orbit insertion and trim Supersonic zoom maneuver Ballistic coast out of the atmosphere after the zoom maneuver 50 KFT 100 KFT 200 KFT Zoom Coast

NAI HIGH SPEED / HYPERSONICS -- Engine Combinations / Capability Off-Ramps -- Combined Cycle Engines (Accelerator) - Hydrogen Powered Scramjets Combined Cycle Engines (Cruise) - Hydrocarbon / Hydrogen Powered Scramjets Access to Space Responsive/Flexible Mach 8-12 Hydrocarbon Ram / Scramjets Rapid Strike / Recce Aircraft Rapid Global Response Mach 5-10 Turbine Engines Vision: Provide Revolutionary Hypersonic Capabilities in the Areas of Fast Strike/Intercept Weapons; Global Strike Aircraft; and Safe, Responsive, Affordable Access to Space. The ultimate goal is a two-stage to orbit, access to space capability with a first stage air-breathing concept to allow for responsive and flexible access to space. Along the way, materials, airframe and propulsion technologies can be demonstrated on expendable flight demonstrators that produce off-ramp supersonic and hypersonic missile capabilities. In the mid-term, hypersonic missile propulsion concepts such as scramjets can be combined with either rocket or turbine-based combined cycle concepts to allow for a long-range strike/recce hypersonic platform capability. Hypersonic Interceptor Long-Range/100,000 ft Cruise Mach 10+ Fast Response Standoff Weapon Rapid Response Time-Critical Targets Mach 5-8 Aircraft & Missiles Today Mach 0-3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term 2002 2008 2016 2025

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE -- Technology Framework -- Strategic Focus Technical Coordination Aerospace Workforce NAI High Speed Hypersonics Space Access Space Technology DoD/NASA TCT/NPR Space Commission Reusable Launch Vehicle Expendable (Missiles) Reusable [Mach 0 - 12] Responsive Payloads 2nd Stage Rocket Engine Mach<4 Flexible Comm Air-Breathing 1st Stage (TSTO) [Mach 0 - 12] Space Maneuvering Vehicle 4<Mach<15 Long-Range Strike [Mach 0-7] ISR Synergy Goal: 1 + 1 + 1 > 3 Space Control

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE Common System Attributes -- Space Access -- Responsive Space Access Rapid Global Reach Common System Attributes Rocket or Airbreather “Aircraft-Like” Ops Reliable & Maintainable Supportable & Operable Responsive Alert Capable Rapid Turn Time Autonomous Operations Minimal ground crew Low cost Minimal facilities CONUS launch / recover Low operations cost 2025 TOMORROW TODAY 2015

-- Goals and System Payoffs/Requirements -- NAI SPACE ACCESS GOALS -- Goals and System Payoffs/Requirements -- Phase III - 2025 Sustained 12 Hr Turn 1,000 Sortie Airframe 500 Sortie Propulsion & Systems Marginal Sortie Cost $1M Reliable (1/5,000 Sorties) Most Weather (Cat 3) Reduced Weight (DMF) – 15% 24% Payload Fraction (3X) Phase II - 2015 Sustained 1 Day Turn 500 Sortie Airframe 250 Sortie Propulsion & Systems Marginal Sortie Cost $5M Reliable (1/2,000 Sorties) Weather Tolerant (Cat 2) Reduced Weight (DMF) – 10% 16% Payload Fraction (2X) Phase I - 2009 Sustained 7 Day Turn 250 Sortie Airframe 100 Sortie Propulsion & Systems Marginal Sortie Cost $10M Reliable (1/1,000 loss rate) Weather Sensitive (Cat 1) Low Weight (DMF) – SOA 8% Payload Fraction Previous Air Force studies and requirements documents were used to identify Phase I, II and III RLV system goals, e.g., “Space Operations Vehicle Operability Study,” others…???. BASELINE Shuttle, DC-X, X-33, SLI Near Term Mid Term Far Term 2000 2008 2025 2016

NAI SPACE ACCESS -- Technology & Development Roadmap -- 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 SLI Cargo Only Commercial Space Shuttle NASA IOC IOC Crew New 2nd Stage National Aerospace Initiative Continuing S&T Advancement Propulsion HC Boost H2 Boost Flight Subsystems $6B+ Past Tech Investment MIS/CAV Payloads SMV The Access To Space roadmap highlights that appropriate technology demonstrations will be accomplished on the ground. These demonstrations will be increasingly complex over time, and will be flight tested on the experimental X-42 vehicle(s). It’s important to note that most or all of the vehicle technologies can be tested on subscale X-Vehicles with the key exception of propulsion. Propulsion is a long lead area that requires substantial investment and time. Because of the complexity, the propulsion demonstrations are scaled to directly support the technology needs of future operational Military Spaceplanes, not the subscale X-42. Nonetheless, the airframe, systems and operations technologies demonstrated by the X-42, combined with the larger propulsion demonstrations in NAI, are sufficient to support the Military Spaceplane system goals in phase I and II. These technology needs will support a follow on system acquisition program by AFSPC. Airframe Follow On X-Vehicles X-42 Flight Test DOD Operations Y-Vehicle Flight Test IOC FOC System Acquisition MNS AOA ORD IOC 120 Day Study FOC

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE -- Technology Framework -- Strategic Focus Technical Coordination Aerospace Workforce NAI High Speed Hypersonics Space Access Space Technology DoD/NASA TCT/NPR Space Commission Reusable Launch Vehicle Expendable (Missiles) Reusable [Mach 0 - 12] Responsive Payloads 2nd Stage Rocket Engine Mach<4 Flexible Comm Air-Breathing 1st Stage (TSTO) [Mach 0 - 12] Space Maneuvering Vehicle 4<Mach<15 Long-Range Strike [Mach 0-7] ISR Synergy Goal: 1 + 1 + 1 > 3 Space Control

NAI SPACE TECHNOLOGY GOALS -- Responsive Payload Emphasis -- Ground-to-Air Laser Comm Direct Theater Downlink and Uplink Programmable TT&C Air-to-Air Laser Comm Air-to-Space Laser Comm Space-to-Space Laser Comm Space-to-Ground High Datarate RF Programmable Multi-Band Sat Comm High bandwidth end-to-end Transformational Comm Arch Airborne ISR National Assets Fused Collections Large Inflatable Antenna (30m) Bistatic Engagement Joint Hyperspectral Capability Real-Time ISR Fusion Large Inflatable Antenna (100m) Realtime Engagement Future ISR Architecture Autonomous and Proximity Ops Predictive Space Situational Awareness Rapid On-Orbit Checkout Rapid Payload Processing High Altitude Airship Realtime Space Control Ops Space Protection Testbad Electric Laser in Space Rapid Reconstitution of Space Capabilities High ISP Microsat Prompt Global Strike Space Control Architecture Near Term Mid Term Far Term 2000 2008 2025 2016

Transformation: Persistent, Global ISR NAI SPACE TECHNOLOGY GOALS -- Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance -- MEO HSI LEO SBR MEO SBR Transformation: Persistent, Global ISR for the Warfighter Far-Term (FY11 – FY20) Space ISR Constellation Real Time Engagement Multi-INT Experiments Mid-Term (FY07 – FY10) Space ISR Experiments Real Time Fusion Space-Air Bistatic Engagement Near Term (FY03 – FY06) Airborne ISR National Assets Fused Collections

U.S. and Worldwide Research Base Since WWII 100 90 Estimated Total 80 Projected 70 E.U. and Japan 60 Billions of 87 $ 50 40 U.S. Commercial 30 20 U.S. Gov. – DoD 10 DoD 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Source: Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on the Technology Capabilities of Non-DoD Providers; June 2000; Data provided by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development & National Science Foundation

NATIONAL AEROSPACE INITIATIVE -- Conclusion -- Advancing U.S. Aerospace Capabilities is Critical for National Security, Civil, and Commercial Sectors Space Architecture Options Would Increase if Access to Space was Responsive, Flexible, and Affordable Leap-Ahead Technologies are Developed for High Speed Strike, Space Access, and Space Missions Emphasis on Rapidly Advancing Technology, Flight Tests, and Technology Demonstrations Stair Step Approach Provides “Off-Ramps” for Fielding Systems NAI is an Integrated, National Approach to Sustain American Leadership in Aerospace