Future Atmospheric Missions: Adding to the “A Train” Jim Gleason Acknowledgements: Graeme Stephens, Bruce Wielicki, Chip Trepte, Dave Crisp, Charles Miller, Glory Team NPP Glory

The Afternoon Constellation MODIS/ CERES IR Properties of Clouds AIRS Temperature and H 2 O Sounding Aqua 1:30 PM Cloudsat PARASOL CALIPSO- Aerosol and cloud heights Cloudsat - cloud droplets PARASOL - aerosol and cloud polarization OCO - CO 2 CALIPSO Aura OMI - Cloud heights OMI & HIRLDS – Aerosols MLS& TES - H 2 O & temp profiles MLS & HIRDLS – Cirrus clouds 1:38 PM OCO 1:15 PM 1:30 PM OCO - CO 2 column VIIRS - Clouds & Aerosols CrIS/ATMS- Temperature and H 2 O Sounding OMPS - Ozone Glory NPP

Cloudsat will “orbit”CALIPSO, both loosely following Aqua CALIPSO Control Box Aqua Cloudsat CALIPSO PARASOL Aura NPP is not in a control box

CALIPSO (formerly Picasso-CENA) 2-wavelength (532 and 1064 nm) polarization-sensitive LIDAR that provides 30 m vertical resolution profiles of aerosols and clouds. Imaging infrared radiometer (IIR) that provides calibrated infrared radiances at 8.7 µ, 10.5 µ and 12 µ. These wavelengths are optimized for combined IIR/lidar retrievals of cirrus particle size. High-resolution wide field camera (WFC) that acquires high spatial resolution imagery for meteorological context ( 620 to 670 nm). 2-wavelength (532 and 1064 nm) polarization-sensitive LIDAR that provides 30 m vertical resolution profiles of aerosols and clouds. Imaging infrared radiometer (IIR) that provides calibrated infrared radiances at 8.7 µ, 10.5 µ and 12 µ. These wavelengths are optimized for combined IIR/lidar retrievals of cirrus particle size. High-resolution wide field camera (WFC) that acquires high spatial resolution imagery for meteorological context ( 620 to 670 nm). IIR WFC Laser LITE measurements over convection Distance km Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation

CloudsatCloudsat 94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) Nadir-viewing 500 m vertical resolution 1.2 km cross-track, 3.5 km along track Sensitivity: -30 to -36 dBZ 94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) Nadir-viewing 500 m vertical resolution 1.2 km cross-track, 3.5 km along track Sensitivity: -30 to -36 dBZ Radar reflectivity Visible and near-IR radiances Cloud base and top heights Optical depth Atmospheric heating rates Cloud water content Cloud ice content Cloud particle size Precipitation Occurrence Radar reflectivity Visible and near-IR radiances Cloud base and top heights Optical depth Atmospheric heating rates Cloud water content Cloud ice content Cloud particle size Precipitation Occurrence Data Products

NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPP Sun - synchronous, polar Altitude km nominal Inclination - 98 degrees Ascending node - 10:30 a.m. Launched – April 2008 Sun - synchronous, polar Altitude km nominal Inclination - 98 degrees Ascending node - 10:30 a.m. Launched – April 2008 Instruments Cross Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VIIRS) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Cross Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VIIRS) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)

Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite Description Purpose: Monitors the total column and vertical profile of ozone Predecessor Instruments: TOMS, SBUV, GOME, OSIRIS, SCIAMACHY Approach: Nadir and limb push broom CCD spectrometers Swath width: 2600 km Status Brass Board Main Electronics Box complete Flight Unit #1 Assembly underway Algorithm Status: Using TOMS/SBUV heritage approaches for Nadir Instruments Limb profile still in development using new space-based limb observation data

OMPS Scanning Track ( Nadir TC) (Limb Profiler )

Orbiting Carbon Observatory - OCO OCO is an ESSP Mission LRD: 2008 OCO is an ESSP Mission LRD: 2008 Make global, space-based observations of the column integrated CO 2 Provide independent data validation approaches to ensure high accuracy (1 ppm, 0.3%) Combine satellite data with ground-based measurements to characterize CO 2 sources and sinks on regional scales on monthly to interannual time scales Make global, space-based observations of the column integrated CO 2 Provide independent data validation approaches to ensure high accuracy (1 ppm, 0.3%) Combine satellite data with ground-based measurements to characterize CO 2 sources and sinks on regional scales on monthly to interannual time scales Instruments- 3 Grating Spectrometers O 2 - A Band at 0.76µ CO 2 at 1.58, 2.06 µ Swath 10 pixels, 1x1.5 km Instruments- 3 Grating Spectrometers O 2 - A Band at 0.76µ CO 2 at 1.58, 2.06 µ Swath 10 pixels, 1x1.5 km CO 2 Simulation Map

Page 10 10, OCO May 2006 The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) Approach: Collect spatially resolved, high resolution spectroscopic observations of CO 2 and O 2 absorption in reflected sunlight Use these data to resolve spatial and temporal variations in the column averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction, X CO2 over the sunlit hemisphere Employ independent calibration and validation approaches to produce X CO2 estimates with random errors and biases no larger than ppm ( %) on regional scales at monthly intervals OCO will acquire the space-based data needed to identify CO 2 sources and sinks and quantify their variability over the seasonal cycle

Page 11 11, OCO May 2006 Making Precise CO 2 Measurements from Space Clouds/Aerosols, Surface PressureClouds/Aerosols, H 2 O, TemperatureColumn CO 2 O 2 A-band CO  m CO  m High resolution spectra of reflected sunlight in near IR CO 2 and O 2 bands are combined to retrieve the column average CO 2 dry air mole fraction, X CO2 –1.61  m CO 2 bands – Column CO 2 with maximum sensitivity near the surface –O 2 A-band and 2.06  m CO 2 band Surface pressure, albedo, atmospheric temperature, water vapor, clouds, aerosols Why high spectral resolution? –Enhances sensitivity, minimizes biases

Page 12 12, OCO May 2006 OCO Observing Strategy Nadir Observations: tracks local nadir –+ Small footprint (< 3 km 2 ) isolates cloud-free scenes and reduces biases from spatial inhomogeneities over land -Low Signal/Noise over dark ocean Glint Observations: views “glint” spot + Improves Signal/Noise over oceans -More interference from clouds Target Observations –Tracks a stationary surface calibration site to collect large numbers of soundings Data acquisition schedule: alternate between Nadir and Glint on 16-day intervals Acquire ~1 Target observation each day Local Nadir Glint Spot Ground Track

Page 13 13, OCO May 2006 Calibration Pre Launch –Instrument Subsystem –Observatory-level On-Orbit –Routine (Solar, Limb, Dark, Lamp) –Special (Stellar, Solar Doppler) –Vicarious Validation Laboratory spectroscopy –Spectral line databases for CO 2, O 2 Ground-based in-situ measurements –NOAA ESRL Flask/Tower Network –Wofsy (Harvard), Ciais (CNRS Aerocarb) Solar-looking FTS measurements of X CO2 –Measure same bands as flight instrument Calibration/Validation Program Assures Measurement Accuracy WLEF FTIR WLEF Tower Routine Calibration

Page 14 14, OCO May 2006 The Glory Mission Objectives are to: Quantify the role of aerosols as natural and anthropogenic agents of climate change by flying APS Continue measuring the total solar irradiance to determine its direct and indirect effects on climate by flying TIM Glory mission provides timely key data for climate change research

Page 15 15, OCO May 2006 Classification of passive remote sensing techniques by 1. Spectral range 2. Scattering geometry range 3. Number of Stokes parameters Hierarchy of existing/planned instruments: AVHRR  MODIS, MISR, VIIRS  Glory APS Glory APS will be a bridge to NPOESS era measurements. Glory APS strategy: fully exploit the information content of the reflected sunlight Existing aerosol retrievals from space are inadequate The measurement approach developed for the Glory mission is to use multi-angle multi-spectral polarimetric measurements because: Polarization is a relative measurement that can be made extremely accurately. Polarimetric measurements can be accurately and stably calibrated on orbit. The variation of polarization with scattering angle and wavelength allows aerosol particle size, refractive index and shape to be determined. Appropriate analysis tools are available.

Page 16 16, OCO May 2006 Type : Passive multi-angle photopolarimeter Fore-optic : Rotating polarization-compensated mirror assembly scanning along orbit-track +50.5° to –63° (fore-to-aft) from nadir Aft-optic : 6 bore-sighted optical assemblies, each with a Wollaston prism providing polarization separation, beamsplitters & bandpass filters producing spectral separation, and paired detectors sensing orthogonal polarizations Directionality: ~250 views of a scene Approx. dimensions : 60 x 58 x 47 cm Mass/power/data rate: 53 kg / 36 W / 120 kbps Spectral range : 412–2250 nm Measurement specifics : 3 visible (412, 443, 555 nm), 3 near-IR (672, 865, 910 nm), and 3 short-wave IR (1378, 1610, 2250 nm) bands; three Stokes parameters ( I, Q, and U ) Ground resolution at nadir : 6 km SNR requirements: 235 (channels 1 – 5, 8, and 9), 94 (channel 6), and 141 (channel 7) Polarization accuracy: at P = 0.2, at P = 0.5 Repeat cycle : 16 days Glory APS summary APS angular scanning APS spectral channels

Summary of the “A” Train The Formation –Aqua (1:30 PM )and Aura (1:38 PM)) must maintain ground track on the WRS (±20 km) using frequent burns (once every 3 months) –Cloudsat and CALIPSO ~20 seconds (~140 km) behind Aqua within a control box 40 seconds wide. Near end of mission, CALIPSO drifts (left) across MODIS swath. –PARASOL is roughly lined up Aqua about 3 minutes behind –Aura is 15 minutes behind Aqua (crossing time is 1:38 PM) –OCO is 15 minutes ahead of Aqua (1:15) –NPP same crossing time, higher orbit The Science –Unprecedented cloud science –Unprecedented climate/aerosol/chemistry science –Correlative measurements Challenges –Variety of vertical and horizontal resolutions which will be challenging to match –Community is not used to using multi-instrument systems The Formation –Aqua (1:30 PM )and Aura (1:38 PM)) must maintain ground track on the WRS (±20 km) using frequent burns (once every 3 months) –Cloudsat and CALIPSO ~20 seconds (~140 km) behind Aqua within a control box 40 seconds wide. Near end of mission, CALIPSO drifts (left) across MODIS swath. –PARASOL is roughly lined up Aqua about 3 minutes behind –Aura is 15 minutes behind Aqua (crossing time is 1:38 PM) –OCO is 15 minutes ahead of Aqua (1:15) –NPP same crossing time, higher orbit The Science –Unprecedented cloud science –Unprecedented climate/aerosol/chemistry science –Correlative measurements Challenges –Variety of vertical and horizontal resolutions which will be challenging to match –Community is not used to using multi-instrument systems

New Mission Planning Air Quality Mission Workshop Boulder, CO February 2006 Satellite observations as crucial for the future of AQ management: 1.Air quality characterization for retrospective assessments and forecasting to support air program management and public health advisories; 2. Quantification of emissions of ozone and aerosol precursors; 3. Long-range transport of pollutants extending from regional to global scales; 4. Large puff releases from environmental disasters. Air Quality Mission Workshop Boulder, CO February 2006 Satellite observations as crucial for the future of AQ management: 1.Air quality characterization for retrospective assessments and forecasting to support air program management and public health advisories; 2. Quantification of emissions of ozone and aerosol precursors; 3. Long-range transport of pollutants extending from regional to global scales; 4. Large puff releases from environmental disasters.

Air Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal Survey Measurement Requirements: Species measured; Tropospheric ozone, CO, NO2, HCHO, SO2, and aerosols Horizontal resolution and coverage; better than 10 km (preferably 2-5 km), coverage must be at least on a continental scale for observation of regional pollution episodes, and must further extend on a global scale for observation of intercontinental transport and large puff releases. Temporal resolution and coverage: Hourly resolution or better Enables characterization of (1) the synoptic-scale development of pollution episodes, (2) the diurnal variation of emissions, (3) the state of atmospheric composition for purposes of inverse modeling and data assimilation (forecasting), and (4) large puff releases. Measurement Requirements: Species measured; Tropospheric ozone, CO, NO2, HCHO, SO2, and aerosols Horizontal resolution and coverage; better than 10 km (preferably 2-5 km), coverage must be at least on a continental scale for observation of regional pollution episodes, and must further extend on a global scale for observation of intercontinental transport and large puff releases. Temporal resolution and coverage: Hourly resolution or better Enables characterization of (1) the synoptic-scale development of pollution episodes, (2) the diurnal variation of emissions, (3) the state of atmospheric composition for purposes of inverse modeling and data assimilation (forecasting), and (4) large puff releases.

Air Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal Survey Measurement Requirements: Vertical resolution: The ability to observe the boundary layer from space is a major priority for air quality applications. For trace gases, multispectral methods involving a combination of nadir-sounding UV/Vis, near and thermal IR, and limb microwave can be used to infer boundary layer information on ozone, CO and others, as well as providing some vertically-resolved measurements for the middle and upper troposphere. Vertical resolution in the free troposphere is important for observing long-range transport, as this transport often involves layers of ~1 km thickness that may retain their integrity over intercontinental scales. Orbital Requirements: Considered LEO, MEO, GEO, and L-1 Orbits have different advantages and disadvantages for air quality observations. There are important trade-offs among quantitative (and achievable) requirements on (1)horizontal resolution and coverage, (2)temporal resolution, (3)vertical resolution. Measurement Requirements: Vertical resolution: The ability to observe the boundary layer from space is a major priority for air quality applications. For trace gases, multispectral methods involving a combination of nadir-sounding UV/Vis, near and thermal IR, and limb microwave can be used to infer boundary layer information on ozone, CO and others, as well as providing some vertically-resolved measurements for the middle and upper troposphere. Vertical resolution in the free troposphere is important for observing long-range transport, as this transport often involves layers of ~1 km thickness that may retain their integrity over intercontinental scales. Orbital Requirements: Considered LEO, MEO, GEO, and L-1 Orbits have different advantages and disadvantages for air quality observations. There are important trade-offs among quantitative (and achievable) requirements on (1)horizontal resolution and coverage, (2)temporal resolution, (3)vertical resolution.

Air Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal Survey Workshop participants reached a consensus that multi-spectral sentinel missions (GEO or Lagrangian (L-1) orbit) that have high spatial and temporal resolution, and provide some species concentrations within the boundary layer, would be most beneficial to the AQ community. At the present time, GEO meets this measurement capability with the least amount of risk The greatest societal benefit from a U.S. perspective would be derived from placing such a satellite in an orbit capable of observing North America. The NOAA GOES-R operational suite of measurements from GEO will have some AQ relevant capability for ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosol. New generation of dedicated AQ satellite missions that will also be part of an integrated observing system including air monitoring networks, in situ research campaigns, and 3-D chemical transport models. Workshop participants reached a consensus that multi-spectral sentinel missions (GEO or Lagrangian (L-1) orbit) that have high spatial and temporal resolution, and provide some species concentrations within the boundary layer, would be most beneficial to the AQ community. At the present time, GEO meets this measurement capability with the least amount of risk The greatest societal benefit from a U.S. perspective would be derived from placing such a satellite in an orbit capable of observing North America. The NOAA GOES-R operational suite of measurements from GEO will have some AQ relevant capability for ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosol. New generation of dedicated AQ satellite missions that will also be part of an integrated observing system including air monitoring networks, in situ research campaigns, and 3-D chemical transport models.