Introduction to UNSCR 1325 ++ Chris Coulter, PhD

Historical Overview ”We the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small..”

“… we call on the Governments of the world to encourage women everywhere to take a more active part in national and international affairs, and on women who are conscious of their opportunities to come forward and share in the work of peace and reconstruction as they did in war and resistance.” Eleanor Roosevelt 1946

The Cold War The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) 1946

UN Decade for Women 1975-1985 “Equality, Development and Peace” (declared by UN General Assembly) From: Development served to advance women To: Development not possible without women

Women’s World Conferences Mexico City 1975: International Women’s year Copenhagen 1980 Nairobi 1985: All issues women’s issues, Peace & UNIFEM Beijing 1995: The Beijing Platform for Action. ”Women’s rights as human rights” From the left: Mrs. Helvi Sipila, Finland, Secretary-General of the first conference held in Mexico City in 1975; Mrs. Lucille Mair, Jamaica, Secretary-General of the second conference in Copenhagen in 1980; Mrs. Leticia Shahani, Philippines, Secretary-General of the third conference in Nairobi in 1985; and Mrs. Gertrude Mongella of the United Republic of Tanzania, Secretary-General of the Fourth Conference in Beijing.

Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (1967) Convention on the Elimination of all Discrimination Against Women ‘CEDAW’ (1979) ’Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women’ (1993) Beijing Platform for Action (1995) From ”women” to ”gender” ”Gender mainstreaming” (ECOSOC)

1990s- Activism & women’s organizations for peace Violence against women in conflict (Bosnia & Rwanda) and “women’s rights as human rights” Prostitution and trafficking of women during UN Peace operations

1995-2000 Beijing 1995 PFA, Chapter E: women and armed conflict Gender mainstreaming of policy and peace operations 1st Gender Advisors in UN operations Arria Formula meetings (2000) Windhoek Declaration and the Namibia Plan of Action

UNSCR 1325 on ”Women, peace and security” October 31, 2000 Political document (i.e. combination of debates, views, normative standpoints and includes several issue areas) Friendly states: Namibia, Most translated, First time recognized as relevant in the context of international peace and security by the most powerful UN actor – the Security Council

UNSCR 1325 Relates to international law and ongoing developments such as the UN Charter, Beijing conference, Geneva Conventions, Rome Statute & CEDAW MAIN THEMES: Participation (entire peace process) Protection (incl. ‘prevention’ and ‘protection’) Gender mainstreaming (both men and women’s needs have to be addressed)

UNSCR 1325 Peacekeeping DDR Broader security issues: Transitional justice Post-conflict governance VAW

UNSCR 1325 Participation in peace and security related decision making at all levels Protection addresses women's needs and the provision of assistance during and after conflicts Prevention is discussed broadly with regards to avoiding violence and transforming conflicts peacefully

PPP draws conceptually from and is also influenced by 4 key areas related to peace and security: Human Security Framework Conflict Transformation Discourse Humanitarian Accountability Women's Rights

Freedom from want and Freedom from fear Human Security: Kofi Annan (2000)

Conflict Transformation includes traditional elements of conflict resolution: mediation, dialogue, negotiation. goes beyond tradition by drawing attention to issues of rights and justice, promoting inclusive decision- making and participation.

Humanitarian Accountability Key element of the women, peace and security discourse. Arises from the basic protection needs in emergency and civil war situations Guidelines and codes of conduct Increased understanding of the urgency and centrality of women's basic needs

Women's Rights Many issues in Universal Declaration of Human Rights remain unaddressed During Cold War focus on civil and political issues Public – private divide Demand for specific attention to women’s rights in the 1970s CEDAW: a bill of rights for women

Beijing 1995: Platform for Action Poverty Lack of mechanisms to promote women effectively Education Inadequate respect for women’s human rights Health care Violence Stereotyping and inequality in media Armed conflict Unequal access to resources, power and decisionmaking structures Environmental concerns Discrimination against the girl child

Beijing PFA – Chapter E: Women and Armed Conflict Peace is inextricably linked with equality between women and men and development

UNSCR 1325 (2000) Then what? The role of women’s organizations UN system (gender advisers, gender mainstreaming and policy structures) Regional organizations - OSCE 2004, EU 2005, African Charter UNWOMEN: Violence against women campaign Start to address misbehavior, use and abuse by peace operations personnel of local women (SEA)

43 Action Plans

§ 1. Urges Member States to ensure increased representation of women … § 8. Calls on all actors involved, when negotiating and implementing peace agreements… §13 Encourages all those involved in the planning for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration …

2008-2014 International debates on Protection of Civilians Increased understanding of the role of sexual violence in conflict (DRC, Timor-Leste, Kosovo) in combination with increased media attention New central players: France (EU presidency), the US (Rice and Clinton), Liberia etc, ‘Chatham house’, UK Initiative Sister resolutions: 1820, 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122 AU: African Union Gender Policy 2009 & NATO (SG, Euro- Atlantic Partnership Council, SHAPE): Bi SC Directive 40-1 (Sept 2009) CEDAW: General Recommendation no. 30 Post MDGs 2015 Post MDGs should include language and include targets Equally important MDGs in the development framework CEDAW in the human rigths framework 1325 in the security council framework

”Women, Peace & Security Agenda” Resolutions: 1325 (2000) Original resolution – participation, protection & gender mainstreaming 1820 (2008) Protection – sexual violence 1888 (2009) Protection – sexual violence (implementation) Reaffirms the importance of 1325(2000) and 1820 (2008) 1889 (2009) Peace building, 1325 anniversary & indicators 1960 (2010) Sexual violence (ending impunity) 2106 (2013) – Accountability, focus on perpetrators of sexual violence, women’s economic and political empowerment 2122 (2013) – More systematic approach to the implementation of women, peace and security 2122: citerad i 8 efterföljande resolutioner NAPs Sexual violence USA NAP 2011

Women as actors or as victims? Whose security?

Peace is not the absence of war Peace is not the absence of war. It is the presence of justice and the absence of fear. Dr. Ursula Franklin

Gender Responsive Demilitarisation, Demobilisation and Reintegration programmes

Gender Specialists Donor Support Gender Responsive M&E Gender Responsive DDR Appropriate Service Delivery Gender Training Gender Specialists Gender Responsive Needs Assessment & Programme Design Gender Responsive M&E Gender Responsive Budget Donor Support Coordina-tion Mechanism with CSOs Commitment to UNSCR 1325

Gender Responsive Intervention – 7 Key Steps 1. Gender Mainstreaming 2. Female-Specific Eligibility Criteria 3. Gender-Responsive Need Assessment 4. Programme Design 5. Gender Training 6. Gender Responsive Budget 7. Gender Responsive M&E

Gender Mainstreaming – A Holistic Approach 1. Understand how and why women & girls’ needs are different from men & boys 2. Creating an isolated women’s subcomponent is not Gender Mainstreaming 3. Favoring women over men is not Gender Mainstreaming 4. Female-specific intervention may still be necessary to reach target group 5. Women are not a homogenous group 6. Gender Mainstreaming is also for Men & Boys

Gender responsive DDR YES NO 1. Does she possess any type of weapon? Eligible for disarmament Eligible for demobilisation 2. Was the use of weapons an important part of her job? Eligible for Reintegration 3. Does she have any experiences of using weapons? / Did she undergo any weapons training 5. Is she socially and financially dependent on a male ex-combatant? 4. Did she perform essential support functions during the conflict?

Gender Responsive Needs Assessment Collaborate with women’s groups Ensure that at least 30% are women in any decision making body & transitional government Use participatory methods to increase women’s participation

What to Assess: 1. Gender composition of armed groups 2. Socio-economic/political status 3. Gendered Division of Labor 4. Capacities of Local Women’s Groups 5. Level of Gender-Based Violence 6. Specific needs of Male and Female Ex-combatants, Supporters, Dependents

Programme Design Information Campaign to reach women and women’s NGOs – community mobilization Female Staff at the weapon collection sites Collect women’s knowledge of trading routes & hidden SALW

Programme Design - cont Separate accommodation & ablution areas for women and men Counseling by female staff Reproductive health care Separate transportation facilities Gender Training (both men and women)

Programme Design – Economic Reintegration Vocational & Literacy Trainings with Childcare Services Women’s Access to land & credit Sensitization of community and potential employers Coordination with development agencies ex. livelihood programmes

Programme Design – Social Reintegration Understand changed and unchanged gender roles and relations in post conflict societies Long-term psychological rehabilitation Support women to cope with sick, injured, traumatized and HIV positive combatants, especially in contexts with high numbers of children associated with fighting forces