ATMOSPHERICPROBLEMS GLOBAL

Global Climate Change

A hot topic !  Among most serious of environmental problems facing future generations

Global Climate Change  Often called “Global Warming”  Often called the “Greenhouse Effect”

Greenhouse Effect  Atmospheric gases trap heat (infrared radiation) -- like glass in a greenhouse or glass in a parked car

Greenhouse Effect VENUS Atmosphere = 90x more dense than Earth Surface Temperature = +400 o C

Greenhouse Effect MARS Atmosphere = 0.01 as dense than Earth Surface Temperature = -55 o C

Greenhouse Effect EARTH Atmosphere = just right Surface Temperature = +14 o C

Greenhouse Effect  Essential for life on Earth  Without the greenhouse effect, the average temperature would be –21 o C -- below the freezing point of water

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

Global Warming  An enhanced greenhouse effect results in increased global temperatures  Conclusive detection of global warming has been difficult due to natural fluctuations in temperature

Global Warming

Global Climate Change  How can human activities alter composition of the atmosphere ?  The global atmosphere is so vast

Atmosphere Composition Nitrogen = 78 % Oxygen = 21 % Rare gases = 1 %

Atmosphere Composition Rare gases = 1 % Includes: Argon, Neon, Helium, Krypton, Hydrogen, Radon, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Ozone, CFCs, and others

Atmosphere Composition Carbon Dioxide Currently = % or 391 ppm In 1900 = % or 300 ppm

Atmosphere Composition Carbon Dioxide

Atmosphere Composition Carbon Dioxide

Atmosphere Composition Carbon Dioxide

Atmosphere Composition Carbon Dioxide

Atmosphere Composition Carbon Dioxide FossilFuels

Atmosphere Composition Carbon Dioxide Deforestation

Atmosphere Composition  Additional greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change include:  CFCs  nitrous oxide  methane

Greenhouse Gases

Potential Adverse Effects  Weather-related mortality  Infectious diseases  Increased air pollution  Health

Potential Adverse Effects  Crop yields  Irrigation demands  Shifts in agricultural areas  Agriculture

Potential Adverse Effects  Change in forest composition  Shift geographic range of forests  Forest health and productivity  Forests

Potential Adverse Effects  Water Resources  Changes in water supply  Increased competition for water  Impacts on aquatic ecosystems  Acidification of oceans

Potential Adverse Effects  Sea level rise  Erosion of beaches  Inundation of coastal lands  Costs to protect coast lines  Coastal Areas

Potential Adverse Effects  Sea level rise

Potential Adverse Effects  Sea level rise

Potential Adverse Effects  Sea level rise

Potential Adverse Effects  Sea level rise

Potential Adverse Effects  Sea level rise  Erosion of beaches  Inundation of coastal lands  Costs to protect coast lines  Coastal Areas

Potential Adverse Effects  Shifts in ecological zones  Loss of habitat and species  Species and Natural Areas

Potential Adverse Effects  Precipitation and Storms  Shifts in rainfall distribution  Increased severe storms

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Established by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 Established by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)  2,500 of the world’s leading climate scientists and technical experts

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)  Purpose – to assess the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of human induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for mitigation and adaptation

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)  Issues an assessment report approximately every five years.  The 4 th Assessment Report was released in 2007.

2007 IPCC Conclusions  Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.

2007 IPCC Conclusions  Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.

2007 IPCC Conclusions  Coping with climate change will require a mixture of mitigation and adaptation strategies.  Mitigation – reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhance GHG sinks  Adaptation – reduce vulnerability of human and natural systems against climate change effects

2007 IPCC Conclusions  Coping with climate change will require a mixture of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Energy Supply Transportation Industry Forestry Buildings Agriculture Wastes

Kyoto Agreement  United Nations Convention on Climate Change  Representatives from 166 countries met in Kyoto to discuss reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

Kyoto Agreement  International Treaty on climate change   The objective is the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."

Kyoto Agreement  Treaty went into force in February,  A total of 191 countries ratified the agreement.

Kyoto Agreement  The U.S., largest historic source of greenhouse gases in the world, did not agree to participate.

 Additional international meetings have been held to develop a new international treaty on climate change  Kyoto Agreement was a first step and will soon expire Kyoto Agreement

Doha, Qatar 2012 Doha, Qatar 2012 Durban, South Africa 2011 Cancun, Mexico 2010 Copenhagen, Denmark 2009 Poznan, Poland 2008 Bali, Indonesia 2007 Nairobi, Kenya 2006 Montreal, Canada 2005 Buenos Aires, Argentina 2004 Milan, Italy 2003 New Dehli, India 2002 Marrakech, Morocco 2001 The Hague, Netherlands 2000 Bonn, Germany 1999 Buenos Aires, Argentina 1998 Additional Climate Change Meetings Since Kyoto

 Efforts are stalled to develop new, post-Kyoto international agreement to combat climate change  MDCs vs. LDCs continue to disagree on emission cuts and funding Current International Efforts

 Deep cuts in emissions will be required to hold increase to 2 o C  general agreement to try to hold the increase in global temperature to 2 degrees Celsius Climate Change

 Currently the U.S. does not have a clear policy on reducing greenhouse gas emissions  No national goal for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

 The quality of life for future generations is at stake  World emissions of greenhouse gases must be cut 70-80% by 2050 Climate Change