POLICE REFORM WITHIN AN SSR FRAMEWORK Alexander Mayer-Rieckh Workshop on Police Reform, Tripoli, 24 September 2013

Security sector reform  Security – a multi-dimensional definition  Traditional state-centred security  Human security  Security sector – a comprehensive understanding  Security and justice  Security providers and oversight actors  State and non-state actors  Security sector reform – 2 core goals  Effectiveness and efficiency  Accountability and integrity  Police reform is more than reforming the police!

People-centred policing  Multi-dimensional security – effective service in response to threats facing the people and its state  Policing is a service  Policing starts and ends with the people = client  Concepts: democratic policing, community policing, intelligence-led policing…  Accountable to the people  Directly  Indirectly

Police within the security sector  Police cannot function on its own  Criminal justice chain: police-justice-corrections  Reinforce relationship with prosecutor  Policing is not just done by the police  Other law enforcement actors  Non-state actors (security groups, private companies…)  Whoever exercises police powers  Policing is related to other security functions  Internal and external security – military  Policing and intelligence

2 core goals of police reform  A police agency  2 institutional levels  2 institutional qualities  Capacity and integrity framework (CIF)  Not just capacity for operational effectiveness and service delivery but also…  Integrity and accountability in accordance with good governance  Police reform: promote  2 qualities at  2 levels INTERNAL EXTERNAL CAPACITY/ EFFECTIVENESS INTEGRITY/ ACCOUNTABILITY Mandate Human resources Infrastructure, equipment Structure, rules, procedures Etc. National strategies Management bodies Cooperation Etc. A POLICE AGENCY Human rights, conduct Disciplinary procedures Budgetary accountability Representation Etc. Formal oversight Informal oversight Independence Etc.

Accountability  Who guards the guardians?  Policing is a critical and sensitive function  Abuse of or by the police severely impacts on democracy  Multiple accountability  Formal-informal mechanisms  Internal-external  To whom: the people, the media, the parliament, the government, the judiciary, the ombudsperson…  Accountability is not control  Accountability is answerability, control is interference  Accountability of operationally independent agencies

Other integrity issues  Representation within the police  Gender, ethnicity, regional, religious, etc.  How to balance different types of representation?  Identification – visualize accountability  Transparency  Public reports, press conferences, public access to police buildings, community liaison office…  Symbols – change perceptions  Insignia, locations, names, memorials, apologies…  Positive or negative reinforcements

Democratic vs. regime policing  Protect government rather than citizens  Answer to regime, not to people  Control populations rather than protect communities  Secure interests of one dominant group  Stay outside the community  Protect individuals and human rights  Accountable to the law, not a law unto itself  Accountable to democratic structures and the community  Transparent in its activities and adhere to good governance  Representative of the community it serves Regime policingDemocratic policing