1 Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology What we can do with genes

2. The combination of biology and technology has been making many products better for many years.. such as bread, cheese, and yogurt by using the best ingredients to make the best products. This brings about…. This brings about….

3 Selective Breeding/Genetic Modification Humans select animals or plants with desirable (beneficial) traits and breed them Humans select animals or plants with desirable (beneficial) traits and breed them This ensures that many of the offspring will have desirable traits from both parents This ensures that many of the offspring will have desirable traits from both parents This is how we have so many breeds of dogs, horses, cats and foods! This is how we have so many breeds of dogs, horses, cats and foods! This is also how we have certain fruits and vegetables with certain traits This is also how we have certain fruits and vegetables with certain traits Does NOT involve actually changing DNA! Does NOT involve actually changing DNA!

4 Examples of selective breeding meat products have been bred to contain less fat. fruits and vegetables we consume have been selectively bred to be larger, sweeter, hardier, and even juicier, and resistant to fungus infections. Known as genetically modified foods

5 Genetic Engineering Technology that humans use to alter DNA or study DNA Technology that humans use to alter DNA or study DNA Examples: Examples: –DNA Fingerprinting (Gel Electrophoresis) Used in paternity testingUsed in paternity testing Used as evidence in criminal casesUsed as evidence in criminal cases –DNA Recombination Inserting a gene into bacterial DNAInserting a gene into bacterial DNA Bacteria will then construct the protein coded for in that DNABacteria will then construct the protein coded for in that DNA

6 1. Recombinant DNA Technology Inserting a gene from one organism into another (usually bacteria) Ex: Inserting human insulin gene into bacterium; bacterium will now make insulin for Diabetics

7 This is a cheaper way to obtain insulin because it can be produced in greater amounts and there are smaller risks of side effects since the gene making the insulin is a human gene. Gene therapy video– watch

8 Diagram of Recombinant DNA

9 Plasmid –A circular double stranded DNA molecule –Is generally found in Bacteria –Function as vectors for genetic engineering Vector –Transfers genes from one organism to another –May contain a genetic marker that codes for a particular phenotype

10 Restriction Enzymes Special enzymes that recognize certain DNA bases and then actually cut (splice) the DNA at that location Special enzymes that recognize certain DNA bases and then actually cut (splice) the DNA at that location Used in DNA Fingerprinting and DNA Recombination Used in DNA Fingerprinting and DNA Recombination –EXAMPLE: EcoRI recognizes GAATTC Will cut at this spot between the G and AWill cut at this spot between the G and A Creates STICKY ENDS (single strands of DNA) that can bind to new DNACreates STICKY ENDS (single strands of DNA) that can bind to new DNA

11 EcoRI- Commonly used restriction enzyme

12 Recombinant DNA: The Video Clip

13 –Let’s See! Let’s See!Let’s See! Restriction Enzyme Animations!

14 2 Gel Electrophoresis /DNA fingerprinting Separates DNA into different banding patterns based on what they contain (HOW MANY BASES IN EACH STRAND!) Separates DNA into different banding patterns based on what they contain (HOW MANY BASES IN EACH STRAND!) DNA separates due to opposite charge at one end of chamber and how heavy it is DNA separates due to opposite charge at one end of chamber and how heavy it is Makes a “finger-print” Makes a “finger-print” Parents will have similar Parents will have similar banding to their children banding to their children and vice-versa and vice-versa

15 Gel Electrophoresis video clip

16 3. Paternity tests Using DNA fingerprinting and electrophoresis to determine the parents of a child. It is important to remember that the child’s DNA came from both of the parents… …50% from mom; 50% from dad…and the DNA fingerprint should reflect this. Let’s See!

17 Animation: Paternity Testing Let’s See!

18 Benefits of Genetic Engineering 1. Making large amounts of a human protein, such as insulin 2. Finding cures by altering DNA 3. DNA Fingerprinting has helped us to see how similar certain organisms are 4. Alter DNA in plants to make them resistant to certain diseases 5. Paternity tests.

19 NOVA: The Killer’sTrail (4:45) Questions for Discussion How was DNA evidence used to prove that Dr. Sam Sheppard did not murder his wife? Why wasn't this evidence used when the case first went to court? Why do you think the DQA1 test was chosen for DNA analysis in this case, instead of another, more powerful genetic test? If the blood trail left at the murder scene wasn't Marilyn's or Sam's, whose blood might it have been? If you were a juror on this trial, would you be convinced by the DNA evidence?